1.
We generally assume that everything written and taught about the past of
humanity - and the Earth -is true and reliable.
2.
However, the analysis of historical content demonstrates that this is not
the case. This is the starting point for the critique of history and
chronology.
3.
The topic has two central aspects: Both the content and the dating of the
purported history - especially of earlier periods - are problematic and
false. In other words, the reliable, verifiable history is much shorter
than we generally assume.
4.
First, some epistemological observations must be made. It is generally
accepted that one cannot see into the future. At best, a few trends and
developments can be identified. If we cannot see into the future, then
logically we cannot see into the past either.
5.
Herein lies the historical aporia: We humans know something about the
past, but we vastly overestimate our ability to know it comprehensively. - Consequently, a first limitation arises in our historical perception: the
further we delve into the past, the more uncertain and obscure our
knowledge becomes; eventually, it ceases, becomes black or blank.
6.
Only the present is certain. The past, on the other hand, soon becomes
problematic in terms of both time and content, and ultimately impossible.
If we want to present something historically, we must start from the
present.
7.
The twentieth century is certain. But is the nineteenth century equally
so? And is everything written down two hundred years ago truly true in
terms of content and time?
8. I
have often wondered how one can know so much about distant eras and
events. Where do historians get the mass of names, dates, and accounts
that they present in history books? Is it all truly authentic, or is most
of it fabricated?
9.
As an example of the incredibly precise historical details that people
believe they know about distant times, consider the death of the Theban
leader Epaminondas at the Battle of Mantinea: "Even before the
battle was decided, Epaminondas was mortally wounded by a javelin thrown
by Gryllos, the son of Xenophon, and was carried behind the battle line.
There he learned that victory was assured and died on July 3, 362 BC,
after the spearhead was removed from his chest. He was buried on the
battlefield." - Does anyone believe these hyper-precise accounts,
which supposedly took place 2,400 years ago?
10.
Similarly implausible and even outrageous is, for example, the dating
of the mosaics of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. These were supposedly
created on the basis of the Roman synod against the heresy of Nestorius on
"August 10, 430 AD." The planning took two years, “from late autumn 430 to
winter 432.” It can be assumed that the mosaics were completed “on the day
of dedication, August 5, 434.” – How many newspaper reporters were present
at the dedication and recorded the calendar dates?
11.
We need not concern ourselves further with the question of the veracity of
stories from ancient times: No memory or tradition reaches back that
far. We will soon realize that we must limit ourselves to a few
historically verifiable centuries.
12.
Even as a young person, certain alleged facts struck me as odd. For
example, I was always amazed by the extensive genealogies interwoven
with history. There are civil registers that supposedly go back three,
four, or even five centuries. Who created these records, and when?
13.
We often know the exact dates of birth and death, wives, and relatives of
emperors and kings, as well as dukes, counts, and individuals from distant
times. Is this truly documented or simply invented?
14.
The personal data of the Roman emperors are just as well documented as
those of medieval rulers. And even for ancient Greece, in addition to
detailed biographies of all the figures, there are even king lists from
ancient Greek provinces, such as Messenia, Arcadia, Crete, Argos, and
Mycenae. Needless to say, the seven kings of the legendary city of Troy
also appear in history books.
15.
As a crowning achievement, we know the exact year of Jesus' birth.
– But which Savior is meant? – In the invented story, there are one or two
dozen different Christ figures. – And some chronicles place the Savior's
birth in "4 BC"! – Which came first, Christ or the year?
16.
By the way: It is said that Jesus came from Nazareth. – Where is
this city? While there is such a place in Israel today, it originally
referred to the Breton port city of Saint-Nazaire: Why? The Savior,
as is well known, came from humble beginnings; his father was a carpenter,
a rope maker, or perhaps even a sailor. – Moreover, the French played a
significant role in the creation of the Christian religion.
17.
The matter of Jesus of Nazareth goes even further. In my research on place
names, I have always been puzzled by the occurrence of MILITEM =
soldier. A religious, a Christian meaning must be assumed. – Now,
there's a legend that claims the Savior was the son of a Roman legionary
named Panthera (!). That's the name of a cat, but it also means
"ventum Romam" – came from or to Rome!
18.
The death of Emperor Augustus is precisely dated: The ruler died
"on August 19, 14 AD, in the afternoon between two and three o'clock in
Nola near Naples." – Did the province of Naples already have a civil
registry 2,000 years ago? And where are the millions of entries stored? -
On CD or DVD, perhaps?
19.
We come to the year-counting system used today for the first time: Who
invented it, how was it established, and why does this system have four
digits?
20.
What science tells us about this is ludicrous and doesn't stand up to any
criticism: Allegedly, "in the fourth century AD," a Scythian (!) monk
named Dionysius Exiguus demanded in Rome that the years after
Christ's birth be counted. – But how on earth did that cleric from a
distant land know that four centuries had passed since that event? –
Behind Dionysius Exiguus hides the French historian Denis Petau,
also known as Dionysius the Short or Petavius.
21.
Joseph Justus Scaliger, a compatriot of Denis Petau, is considered
the scholar who completed modern chronology. His works *De emendatione
temporum* and *Thesaurus temporum* contain the entirety of
ancient history with all its dates. – The aforementioned precise date of
Augustus' death is also found in Scaliger's work.
22.
And where did the entire chronology of Greek and Roman antiquity, with its
sometimes-day-by-day dates, come from? Well, Scaliger had a friend named
Isaac Casaubonus. This friend "discovered" a copper-engraved
list of all Olympic victors, from "776 BC to 395 AD." The first victor
was Koroibus of Elis, the last Zopyrus of Athens! – Even the convoluted
names betray the modern-day forgery.
23.
A complete chronology of Roman history was essential. For this purpose,
the so-called Consular Lists were discovered in Rome in “1546 AD”.
These tablets record all Roman consuls between 509 AD and 541 AD –
with only a few years missing. - Like the list of Olympians, the so-called
Fasti Consulares cover an incredible 1050 (!) years – with only a
few gaps.! – If these fictitious lists did not exist, the entire
Greco-Roman history of antiquity would be nothing more than a disjointed
jumble of notes.
24.
Who created the chronology of the following thousand years of the
Middle Ages? Discretion dictates that the poet remains silent on this
matter. All that is known is that the ancient chronicles already present a
complete chronological framework. – The aforementioned Dionysius Petavius
made a significant contribution. – Joseph Justus Scaliger completed the
construction of the chronology.
25.
Christ and the birth of Christ are matters of faith. Our conventional
reckoning of time is based on assumptions, on arbitrariness. And the more
we research the origins of these time determinations, the more confusing
the matter becomes.
26.
Dates are almost more important to historians and archaeologists than
historical content: They are proud of them; they give them security.
Scholarship suffers from a dating mania: No dates, no history! – I haven't
been able to stand this jumble of dates and numbers for a long time. –
Historians behave like tour guides who try to sell unsuspecting tourists
the biggest load of rubbish.
27.
My breakthrough to historical and chronological criticism came decades ago
when I was considering the following event in my history book: In the year
of our Lord 1314, the French King Philip the Fair died. In the same year,
Frederick the Fair was elected German king. – My immediate thought
was: "Too good to be fair!"
28.
I admired ancient Rome from an early age. But why, I wondered, did we have
to talk about the ancient Romans "2000 years ago"? – Did historians
really count that many years? – And were the Roman buildings really
constructed two millennia ago?
29.
As a schoolboy, I studied the buildings of the Roman Forum in Rome.
Today, after so many decades, I am amazed by what is said about it – as if
everything were certain and set in stone. Yet, for every monument, there
are more questions than answers. – And even back then, I noticed that many
buildings are described as Late Roman, not Roman.
30.
I'll take the Temple of Saturn in the Roman Forum as an example.
All that remains of it is the portico with its eight Ionic columns. – Who
claims that this sanctuary was truly dedicated to Saturn? The inscription
mentions no god. And the structure is said to have existed over two
thousand years ago. Unfortunately, a fire destroyed it. The ruin we see
today is supposedly late Roman. – But we recognize this late period as the
early Middle Ages.
31.
And since we are in Rome, we must first question the attributions of
ancient buildings: Who claims that a temple in the Roman Forum is
dedicated to Vespasian, another to Antoninus Pius and Faustina, and a
third to the gods Castor and Pollux? – The naming of Rome's ruins is
uncertain and arbitrary: from the Baths of Caracalla to Trajan's
Forum, from the Temple of Fortuna Virilis at the Cattle Market (Forum
Boarium) to the Tomb of Caecilia Metella on the Appian Way.
32.
Speaking of ruins: Most of the ancient remains we see today are wholly
or partially restored. These reflect a contemporary view of the past,
not the past itself. – I have personally witnessed how important,
sometimes even irreplaceable, architectural evidence was destroyed during
restoration work on castle ruins.
33.
The Pantheon in Rome, inside, gives the impression of being no
older than the city's Baroque churches. The dome is somewhat older.
Incidentally, the Pantheon's dome has the same diameter as the so-called
Teatro Marittimo in Hadrian's Villa in Tivoli. And one should also
consider the dome of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. As you can
see, the buildings are there, but their names and dates vary.
34.
The history book informs the skeptic of these datings: the Pantheon in
Rome is so well preserved because it was converted into a church "in the
year 600 AD." - But that was rather late, since Christianity had already
become the Roman state religion "around 400 AD"! Then again, none of
the historical information accompanying these ancient buildings is
accurate anyway.
35.
Things get really interesting with ancient Egypt: This land
supposedly possessed not only architecture but also mathematics and
astronomy "four thousand years ago." Even beer was supposedly first brewed
on the banks of the Nile. Cheers!
36.
The mention of beer naturally places a source in modern times, in the 18th
century. I first noticed this when I read Tacitus's Germania. There,
the presumably German author mentions an intoxicating beverage made from
wheat or barley. The writer didn't need to be shy, since he himself
apparently drank beer every day!
37.
I've always been intrigued by the claims about the centuries-long
construction period of Gothic cathedrals. It's said that the citizens
were dirt poor in the Middle Ages. Therefore, appeals for donations must
have been constantly necessary to continue building these monumental
structures. What happened to the worshippers in the meantime? Did they
wait patiently for centuries before they could pray in the completed
cathedrals? – Bern Minster is said to have been completed
unfinished (!) after 150 years; and York Cathedral in central
England is said to have taken 250 (!) years to complete.
38.
The gap between the claimed and actual dates of construction of
buildings leads to absurd conclusions. – For example, Geneva
Cathedral is said to date from the 13th century AD. This is supposedly
based on an eight-hundred-year (!) history of church buildings, beginning
in "Late Antiquity" and with the "Burgundians"! – This minster, like all
Gothic buildings before the mid-18th century, is implausible. Its
predecessors only date back a few decades earlier.
39.
I was also interested in the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
from an early age. – But when you study the history of the individual
monuments, nothing remains of these structures: Only the pyramids in
Egypt have survived. The other six wonders of the world – from the
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus to the Temple of Diana at Ephesus and the
Colossus of Rhodes – were supposedly destroyed over two thousand years ago
by natural disasters such as fires and earthquakes. Therefore, those
monuments never existed.
40.
One cannot investigate all the alleged facts claimed in culture and
history. For a long time, I too believed the origin story of the famous
Leaning Tower of Pisa. Isn't it time to question this strange story
instead of repeating it like everyone else? I mean, they deliberately
built a leaning campanile in Pisa. The poor soil was just a pretext.
41.
I've also always been fascinated by the Gothic abbey ruins in England,
namely Fountains Abbey, Jedburgh Abbey, Kirkstall Abbey, Tintern Abbey,
and Glastonbury Abbey. These are said to have been founded "in the 12th
century" and dissolved "in 1536" by Henry VIII. But the ruins appear
well-preserved. So much time can't have passed. Moreover, these
architectural relics first attracted the attention of an artist like William Turner and the writer
Jane Austen at the end of the 18th century.
- For centuries, those monastery ruins would have been of no interest
to anyone!
42.
Since my
youth, I have been fascinated not only by castles but also by old
fortifications. The Franco-Dutch fortress architecture of the
early modern period, associated with the name of the Frenchman Vauban,
with its star forts, curtain walls, ditches, and outworks, exerted a
peculiar fascination on me. I mention here the preserved star forts in
Naarden, Netherlands; in Neu Breisach, France, near Colmar; and
the Italian city of Palmanova near Udine in Venice. – But even
then, I thought that these structures were dated too early. As a new
fortification technique, the Vauban redoubts were intended to stand up to
the newly emerging cannons. They belong to the late 18th century, not a
century and a half or two centuries earlier.
43.
The Vauban fortifications also gave me pause for
thought. How much material, labor, money, and ingenious ingenuity were
wasted on these structures! – I studied in detail three cities completely
surrounded by star fortifications: Freiburg im Breisgau, Zurich, and
Geneva. I discovered that the new fortifications occupied two to three
times more space than the old cities they were meant to protect! The
rulers of Europe were mad even back then!
44. As
someone interested in history, I studied historical atlases from an early
age. Even in them, I found impossible things. Consider, for example,
the supposed campaign of Alexander the Great from Greece through Asia
Minor to the Near East to conquer the Persian Empire. After crossing
the Hellespont and his first victory at the Granicus River, the Macedonian
king marched south through Ionia to Halicarnassus. From there, he
continued his campaign along the southern coast of Anatolia toward Syria.
45. For
inexplicable reasons, Alexander decided at Aspendus to make a
time-consuming and energy-consuming detour into the interior of Asia
Minor to visit the city of Gordion. Only then did the king return to
the coast to defeat the Persians in the east. What general would be so
foolish as to deliberately interrupt a campaign to give the enemy time? I
found the answer to this riddle almost four decades later when I was
analyzing the history of the Old Swiss Confederacy.
46. I
also had doubts about certain literary and artistic works from an early
age. For example, I was fascinated by the adventures of Robinson Crusoe.
The book by the Englishman Daniel Defoe is considered the first
novel in the modern sense.
-
But how
can one assign a publication date of "1719 AD" to this work?
-
The figure
of Robinson Crusoe, who represents the Enlightenment's call to return to
nature, is impossible before the end of the 18th century.
47. I
often looked at the painting "The Embarkation for Cythera" by the
French painter Watteau. To me, it's a typical courtly scene, set
shortly before the French Revolution. How can anyone claim the painting
dates from 1720 AD?
48. I was
also interested in the famous French châteaux along the Loire, such
as Chambord, Chenonceaux, Chinon, Saumur, Sully, and Vallandry. I place
their construction in the late Renaissance, roughly between 1760 and 1770.
-
How can
these magnificent châteaux be placed in the 15th and 16th centuries?
49. The
last French king before the French Revolution was Louis XVI. But
were there really 15 Louises before him? That would create a very long
historical period, along with the many other rulers named Charles, Henry,
and Francis. There simply isn't room in the entire history of the world
for that many kings. – The study of old lists of rulers reveals that
they were conceived and constructed at the writing desk.
50. In
music history, I was astonished that Johann Sebastian Bach and
George Frideric Handel are described as composers of the Baroque
period. But that artistic style belongs to the second half of the 18th
century. – Yet Bach and Handel are said to have been active in the
first half of the century! – And Gregorian chant? Does this music
really originate from the Middle Ages, or does it just sound so archaic?
51.
Etymology, that is, the study of the origin and provenance of personal
and place names, also interested me from an early age. And I asked
questions, too. But what scholars say about most names is utter nonsense.
– Here are just two examples: In Switzerland, there is a field name called
Galeie. For me, it's perfectly clear that it refers to
Galilee and not "cattle pasture." – Then there's the ruler's name
Rudolf? According to the experts, it means "glorious wolf"! – But
those with broader knowledge recognize it as “Neapolitan emperor”.
52.
According to the textbook, in the High Middle Ages—"in the 13th century
AD"—all languages seemed to have already existed: German, French, Latin,
Hebrew, and Arabic. The Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick II in Sicily is
said to have mastered these languages and even written poetry in
Provençal (!).
53.
Germanists are proud of "Middle High German literature," of poets
like Wolfram von Eschenbach, Manesse, and Walther von der Vogelweide -
allegedly originating in the High Middle Ages. But how can one claim an
old German "from the 13th century AD" that contains French words? Did time
run forward or backward back then? The ancient precursors of German were
created from the end of the 18th century onward.
54. I also
began to question the purported natural history early on. Carl Linnaeus
could not possibly have developed his system of plants and zoology as
early as the 1750s.
55. For a
long time, I've been outraged by the absurd timescales of geologists.
Like a broken record, they've been claiming for ages, for example, that
the dinosaurs became extinct "65 million years ago." How
does science arrive at such absurd timeframes? Yet, dinosaur footprints
are even found occasionally on the Earth's surface. - Nevertheless, we
should shudder at the mention of dinosaurs: Put a "J" before the word and
you get the original meaning of "Jesus” animals. So, there was also
a dynasty of Isaurians in the legendary Eastern Roman Empire.
56. When I
still believed in history, I was impressed by the phenomenon of
Halley's Comet: Allegedly, in "1705," the English astronomer Halley
calculated a comet that would return exactly "1758."
-
But if you
look at the facts, nothing extraordinary remains of this Star of
Bethlehem: The researcher Halley couldn't have existed until around 1800.
- The year of the comet's return varies by about twenty months. - And
there are many comets passing through the sky every year. So which one is
Halley's remains pure speculation.
57. Here's
an aside: In high school, we were told we were there to learn to think. -
But I soon got the impression that most people don't think at all! Worse
still: Apparently, all this studying was meant to instruct us not to think
too much and, above all, not to ask stupid questions. - But only those
who ask questions advance our understanding.
58. I have
nevertheless dared to think. For example, I always wondered why no one
explains the obvious connection between the words "Slavs" and "slaves."
Is our thinking so enslaved? I found the etymological root: It comes from
the Latin "holy Calabria." Why did I have to figure this out? Had
no one thought about it before?
59. Even
as a schoolboy, I wondered why Germans say "schön" (beautiful),
while Romansh speakers use "beau" or "bello." It is claimed
that German, like French, Italian, and Spanish, belongs to the
"Indo-European language family." There is more than a little something
wrong with this theory. But it took me over forty years to find the right
answers.
60. The
higher education system, which relies on Latin, Greek, and philosophy,
stands on shaky foundations. Classical antiquity is a chimera, as
are the appendages of the "Middle Ages" and the "Modern Era." – And
caution is also advised when using terms like "Christian West." - Around a
hundred years ago, the German scholar Oswald Spengler wrote a work
entitled "The Decline of the West." Whether he was right remains an open
question.
61.
Contradictions can be observed in the claims made about ancient
artworks. Antiquity, so far removed in time, produced realistic
artworks—busts, statues, and reliefs. In the Middle Ages, however,
there were only stereotypical images in miniatures, as well as sculptures
and reliefs whose expression could not compete with the dynamism of
antiquity. It was only in the Renaissance that artworks became
lifelike again. – How can these striking differences be explained?
62. We
have busts and statues of figures from classical Greco-Roman antiquity,
from Homer and Hesiod through Pericles and Thucydides to Socrates and
Demosthenes, then through Scipio, Marius, Cicero, Julius Caesar, Augustus,
Seneca, Marcus Aurelius, to Septimius Severus and Constantine the Great.
And these are often so well preserved as if they had only just left the
sculptors' workshops yesterday.
63. Anyone
visiting an antiquities museum will read that many statues are Roman
copies of Greek originals. Were the Romans merely copyists? Was truly
ingenious visual art only found among the ancient Greeks?
64. When
analyzing ancient Greco-Roman sculptures, something else becomes apparent:
A large proportion of the sculptures were only discovered in the 19th
century. Whether it's the sandal-loosening Nike from the Acropolis or
the Nike of Paeonius from Olympia; They owe their rediscovery to the
increased archaeological interest of that century. – Most paintings with
historical subjects also date from the 19th century.
65. The
famous Winged Victory of Samothrace in the Louvre is even a puzzle:
The first fragments were found in the Ottoman Empire in 1863. Further
details followed in 1873, 1879, and even as late as 1950. – The famous
armless Venus de Milo in the Louvre is also pieced together from
fragments. – The Venus of the Esquiline in Rome, unearthed in 1874
and supposedly depicting Cleopatra, is also armless. – And the famous
Hermes with the Infant Dionysus was found in Olympia on May 8, 1877,
but is said to have been created “around 340 BC” by the famous sculptor
Praxiteles. – Who believes such a thing?
66. The
famous Laocoon Group in the Vatican certainly dates from the
Renaissance, allegedly found in 1506 in a vineyard (!) on the Esquiline
Hill in Rome. The gesture of the main figure with the snake influenced
contemporary painters. And immediately, this modern-day find was imbued
with a legend: even the "Roman" author Pliny the Elder had mentioned the
artwork. – In plain terms, this means: that ancient writer is a
Renaissance figure.
67. The
craze for ancient art was already denounced by the philosopher Seneca,
who, in "ancient" – more accurately, in the late 18th century – declared:
"We idiots are completely crazy about paintings and sculptures!"
68. An
important structural element of the supposed antiquity was the division
into two culture-bearing nations: Greeks and Romans. The Greeks
were, in any case, granted temporal and cultural precedence. Thus,
architecture, literature, and philosophy originated in Greece. The Romans
only began to produce their own buildings and literary works many
centuries later.
69. The
Renaissance itself seems to have noticed that the Greeks were being given
far more cultural prominence. They had the Roman poet Horace
declare: “Conquered Greece has conquered the fierce victor.” () –
But it wasn’t the inferiority of a nation, but rather the imagined
prestige of a country. Greece didn’t produce its own culture.
Everything was created in the West.
70.
Greek philosophy itself reveals some curious things upon analysis.
Plato and Aristotle are considered the greatest philosophers, both
supposedly based in classical Athens. Equally important, however, were the
so-called Pre-Socratics. These philosophers formulated, as early as
500 BC, sometimes complicated and difficult-to-understand theories. Yet
the Pre-Socratics exist only in fragments and quotations, such as the
saying "Panta rhei" = Everything flows. And equally important: The
philosophers before Socrates did not come from Greece, but from western
Asia Minor, southern Italy, and Sicily. Why?
71. The
history of coins is completely turned on its head: Coins exist from
antiquity, but not from the Middle Ages. A fabulously wealthy king named
Croesus from Lydia is said to have invented the metallic means of
payment – supposedly 2,500 years ago. Another, equally wealthy ruler
from neighboring Phrygia was named Midas. - That he was ruined by
all the money is believable, since MIDAM (MTM) contains the Latin MONETAM
= money!
72. The
ancient Greeks and Romans minted coins. Coins are missing in the Middle
Ages. Money only reappeared in the modern era. What happened? Was the
art of coin minting lost, or are the historical dates inaccurate?
73. There
is said to be one exception among the missing medieval coins, namely the
so-called Augustales, gold coins of the famous Hohenstaufen emperor
Frederick II. But who minted these? It was certainly the Bourbons, who
ruled Naples and Sicily at the end of the 18th century and wanted to prove
their alleged medieval roots with these gold pieces.
74. The
coins of the Roman emperors raise questions. There are not only coins
minted in copper and silver, but also in gold – and most are well
preserved. Let's first consider where all this gold came from. But the
realistic portraits and decorative elements look more like Renaissance
creations than "ancient" ones.
75.
Moreover, the Roman coins also show inaccurate details. For example,
Trajan's Column in Rome is depicted with left-winding friezes. In reality,
the reliefs wind right-winding. – Similarly, denarii of Vespasian and
Titus depict a completed Colosseum, which was never finished.
76. With
coins, we come to historical sources. History requires written records
with reliable dates. But since when have such documents existed? – We
will always have to ask ourselves the question of sources – just as we
will have to ask ourselves the question of dates.
77. The
origins of writing, the alphabet, and languages represent a
convoluted mix of contradictions and absurdities. – It is claimed that
Hebrew was the first written language – 3,000 years ago. The reason is
simple: Abraham, Noah, and Moses were, according to the Bible, Hebrew
patriarchs. So it had to be the Hebrew language.
78.
Hebrew is young, having originated at the same time as German and the
other classical and modern languages. If the languages are young, then
the texts cannot be older either.
79.
Incidentally, according to my findings, two-thirds of the basic German
vocabulary is Hebrew. No Germanist, no linguist wants to acknowledge
this. – And if both German and Hebrew are to be placed at the beginning of
written culture, then the same applies to the Bible and to Bible
translators like Jerome and Luther.
80. The
supposedly ancient languages of the Orient
-
Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Cuneiform Akkadian, Cuneiform Hittite, and others
-
are not older. And one has to wonder whether Egyptologists,
Assyriologists, and Hittitologists are truly extracting the truth from
their texts. Their interpretations sound like gibberish to me.
81.
Incidentally, the decipherment of ancient Egyptian, Hieroglyphic
Egyptian, and Demotic was only achieved by the Frenchman Champollion
through the Rosetta Stone, discovered in 1799. Besides the two
variants of Egyptian, the same text can be found there in Greek. But one
must see it this way: Ancient Egyptian was created by the French based on
Greek and the Coptic language of the local Christians.
82. The
Ancient Orient is a creation of Western Europe. In contrast,
conventional scholars claim that light comes from the East: Ex Oriente
lux. - Even today, there are people who travel to India to find
inspiration.
83. The
textual transmission of ancient and medieval works represents a colossal
nightmare. Even conventional scholars admit this. It is said that the
ancient writings were handwritten and transmitted. This worked well over
vast periods of time until the advent of printing at the end of the Middle
Ages, over 500 years ago.
84. Does
anyone believe that an ancient text was copied flawlessly for two thousand
years—and the biblical scriptures for fifteen hundred years? These
outrageous claims alone refute the entire ancient tradition.
85. To
claim the great age of ancient texts, their authors employed certain
tricks. They claimed that certain ancient authors were incomplete or
survived only in excerpts. - The "Roman" historian Titus Livius is
said to have written a work on the early history of Rome ("Ab urbe
condita") comprising 142 parts. But only books 1-10 and 21-45 have
survived. - However, one must consider this: the lost books simply never
existed. Fragments were deliberately created. - Similarly, only a quarter
of Aristotle's monumental work is said to have survived!
86.
Libraries existed in ancient times for the preservation of texts. – But
the famous Library of Alexandria in Egypt burned down when
Julius Caesar conquered the city. – And at the end of antiquity, the Arabs
came and destroyed all the books in Alexandria. – Why do we have ancient
texts today if everything was burned? – Orthodox historians lament the
loss of the Library of Alexandria. Unjustifiably, because the ancient
writings never existed!
87.
Medieval monasteries in Europe were better off. St. Gallen in
Switzerland, Murbach in Alsace, Bobbio in the northern
Apennines, and Monte Cassino in Campania boast of possessing
manuscripts, some over a thousand years old. – But one has to take their
word for it. – Were monks, priests, and monasteries particularly
well-suited to preserving ancient texts, or were they, in fact, great
forgers?
88. The
history of writing materials is a special case: Since there was no
paper at first, papyrus and parchment would have been used. These
are, firstly, expensive materials. And secondly, they don't last for
centuries: papyrus decomposes in moisture, parchment in dryness.
Furthermore, the ink soaks into the material. So how can manuscripts
survive many centuries without ever being affected by wars, plunder, fire,
water, animal damage, or natural decay?
89.
What we are told about ancient history and its written records is endless
nonsense, full of inconsistencies, contradictions, and absurdities.
90.
Ancient history strikes me as a Kafka novel or as certain paintings
by the surrealist painter Max Ernst. I also think of M.C. Escher
and his impossible figures: Suddenly, one moves from one level to another.
91.
Doesn't anyone notice how sluggishly things progressed during the
thousand-year Middle Ages? Studying that era, one gets the impression that
time moved more backward than forward.
92. The
early historical critic Peter Franz Joseph Müller expressed the
matter of the Middle Ages even more drastically: “Invented history
continually gives away, bequeaths, sells, conquers, and divides lands and
peoples that were previously united. False history lies, divides, invents
intrigues and misdeeds, exchanges truth for falsehood, and sows discord”
(P.F.J. Müller: Meine Ansicht der Geschichte, 1814, p. 30).
93. The
medieval church councils seem to have lasted endlessly: The Council
of Constance convened for four long years, from 1414 to 1418. - This
is truly remarkable: The Council of Basel confiscated that city for
a full 18 (!) years, "from 1431 to 1449". – The Council of Trent is
listed in history books for the same length of time as Basel, namely from
"1545 to 1563". – How many bishops and cardinals must have died during
those endless years of the council?
94. It is
claimed that medieval scholars had lost their knowledge of the Greek
language. The famous Italian theologian Thomas Aquinas supposedly
had to ask a Belgian cleric to translate a text by Plato into Latin. – How
and where did the Greek texts survive during the thousand years of
linguistic ignorance in the West?
95. Roman
emperors sometimes wrote and composed poetry themselves. However, the
medieval German emperors up to Frederick II could neither read nor write.
When they signed documents, they did so with crosses or so-called
execution marks. – In the Middle Ages, illiteracy was apparently rampant,
even in the highest circles!
96. The
situation was even worse with the Christian faith itself. It is
said to have become the state religion of the Roman Empire in 395 AD with
Theodosius the Great. – But three centuries later, monks from Ireland (!)
had to convert Europe, which had apparently reverted to paganism, to the
true faith once again. - And it took another 700 years until the final
religion was established during the Reformation.
97. In
general, researchers admire the achievements and knowledge of the
ancients. But at the same time, they consider their knowledge to be
limited in certain areas. - For example, it is claimed that people in
earlier times thought the earth was flat. - Or that the ancients did not
master ocean navigation. - Yet not only the Egyptian pyramids, but also
other ancient structures in other parts of the world confirm that even the
earliest cultures mastered techniques that we can hardly explain today.
98. We
don't have to leave Europe to find enigmatic, large structures from
prehistoric times. The artificially constructed Silbury Hill in England,
west of London, raises the question of how our ancestors accomplished such
a feat. - The same is true of the menhirs in Brittany, for example
in Carnac and Kermario: There we can even recognize animals
and human portraits in the erected stones.
99. In
prehistory, there are things that established science knows nothing about
or doesn't want to know about. I'm referring here to prehistoric river
diversions. There is evidence of this in Germany, France, and
Switzerland. For example, the city of Bern is situated in an
artificially created loop of the Aare River. And just north of it, the
same river forms the nine-kilometer-long system of meanders on the Enge
peninsula near Bremgarten. These bends clearly represent a symbolic
hand raised in oath on a map. Everyone sees the picture, but no one speaks
of it. Yet Switzerland is officially a confederation! People have eyes,
but they don't see!
100. I
have long advocated for not only intellectually grasping the past. The
aforementioned seeing and feeling are equally important. So I invented a
Latin proverb: Per oculum fides = Faith grows through the
eye. – The saying is said to have originated with the Jesuits in
Paraguay. They lavishly decorated their churches to more easily
convert the natives to Christianity.
101.
The Jesuits were just mentioned. Nothing about their history is true.
The order was supposedly founded by an Ignatius of Loyola. The Pope
supposedly dissolved the order in 1777 but reinstated it in 1814. Yet
the Jesuits were never banned. And their legendary founder must have
had a very strong sense of self-confidence. Ignatius, in fact, translates
as "born of Jesus"!
102. One
can ask a fundamental question: What is the point of history? –
Animals don't need history. They learn on their own and receive from their
parents what they need to live and survive. Human beings, however, with
their material and intellectual superstructure, have developed ideas about
the past and the future. But these ideas do not correspond with nature.
And the more we engage with history, the less reality it contains.
103. We
do not present the past as it was, but as we want to see it. The same
applies to our ideas about the future. Essentially, our views of history
are reflections of our souls, that is, of the present. Much of history
is unreal, false, and an illusion.
104. Our
culture and civilization have developed not only tools and skills but also
means of documenting past times. But this verifiable past is much shorter
than we commonly assume. We must emphasize this again and again.
105.
Writing history is commendable. But what if one can say less and less the
further back in time one goes? – It is strange, then, that history books
become all the more extensive the further back they describe history – a
tremendous imbalance. – During the preliminary work for this book, I was
repeatedly astonished at how much historians supposedly know about
antiquity and the Middle Ages.
106. About
twenty years ago, a five-volume history of Bern was published: The
well-documented 19th and 20th centuries fill one volume. The six preceding
centuries – most of which did not exist – were, in contrast, given four
(!) volumes.
107. As a
fifteen-year-old, I began reading a four-volume history of Bern before
1800. But after the first volume, I gave up: It seemed to me that the
reading had not given me knowledge and clarity, but only a confused mind.
- But today I know: No plausible history exists before 1800.
108.
The Swiss historian Johannes von Müller wrote a six-volume, bombastic
history of the heroic early days of the Swiss Confederation around 1800.
The first volume is said to have been published as early as "1780,"
specifically in "Boston" (!). - There is nothing true to be found in this
work. But Müller's fame was great. He inspired, among others, Friedrich
Schiller for his drama "William Tell." And Müller supposedly received
a total of 20,000 (!) letters in his lifetime. - At least, that's what is
claimed.
109.
Letters from people before the established historical period are suspect;
they were usually written by other people. But the more such documents
were attributed to a particular author, the higher his prestige became. -
For example, 1,600 (!) letters are said to have survived from the late
antique Greek orator Libanius.
110. It
gets really interesting when similar letters from different eras are
presented. For example, according to ancient history, three rulers from
different periods are said to have each addressed an identical letter to
the Roman Senate. These were the Roman King Tarquinius Superbus,
then the Ostrogothic King Totila, and finally the medieval
Hohenstaufen King Manfred. Each king complained in writing about
his expulsion from Rome.
111. The
work of the Englishman Edward Gibbon on the thousand-year decline of
Rome -
placed
around 1790 -
comprises 3,000 (!) pages. What is too long here: the fall of that phantom
empire or the number of pages devoted to this topic?
112. If
one wants to read a literary account of the ancient Romans and their fall,
Montesquieu's Essay is preferable.
His
Reflections on the causes of the Romans' greatness and their decline
(Considérations sur causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur
décadence) comprise 200 pages.
113. In
the second half of the 19th century, the writer Felix Dahn
published an 11-volume (!) work on "The Kings of the Germanic Peoples."
– Until now, I didn't know that there were kings in ancient Germania!
114. In
the first third of the 20th century, the German historian Ludwig von
Pastor wrote a 16-volume (!) history of the papacy "between the end
of the Middle Ages and 1800." – But before one begins to write, one
should ask a question: Since when have there been popes? Since the birth
of Christ or only shortly before the French Revolution?
115. Years
ago, I studied a three-volume (!) work about the legendary Zähringer
ducal family from Swabia. They were supposed to have founded three
cities: Freiburg im Breisgau, Freiburg im Üechtland, and Bern. But after
reading it, nothing remained of these phantom dukes: not a single
foundation can be attributed to them. The study was still worthwhile for
me, though. I discovered why all the Zähringer dukes were named
Ber(ch)told: the analysis revealed: PRTLTM > LPRTTM = LIBERTATEM =
freedom. Correct, those rulers endowed their cities with liberties!
116. The
multi-volume historical works from ancient and modern times have a simple
purpose: the sheer size and scope of the works are meant to dispel any
suspicion that something is amiss with the subject matter.
117. Names
and designations are of no help. "Celts" is a meaningless name. The
same applies to the "ancient Greeks" or the "ancient Romans." The
word "Middle Ages" contains more mythology and ideology than
history. Before me lies a picture book I first encountered when I was
eight years old: "Eternal Greece." But what human creation lasts
forever?
118.
Decades ago, there were exhibitions about the Alemanni and the Franks -
peoples who exist only in history books. The Alemanni exhibition
focused primarily on graves and grave goods. Did this people live in
graves? Among the evidence presented for the Franks' existence were a
20th-century clock mechanism (!) and a gravestone of a German soldier who
fell in northern France during the First World War (!).
119. When
it comes to recent finds being passed off as ancient, I don't have to look
far: In Bern, around 1900, a Jewish gravestone was discovered that likely
dates from the mid-19th century. - But in a new work about the fabricated
history of the city, that stone was presented as evidence of an alleged
persecution of Jews in Bern in the year "1287 AD"! - No one but me
protested against this outrageous claim.
120. It's
incredible how many ancient peoples there were in Switzerland, the
Helvetii are the most well-known. But there were also supposedly
Tigurini, Rauraci, Lepontii, Raetians, Veragri, and Allobroges. - These
peoples are impossible to grasp beyond their names. And when you analyze
the names, all that remains is astonishment. - The Tigurini, for
example, reveal the Latin TUGURIUM, which means "miserable hut"!
121.
Deciphering names sometimes requires combinatorial skills. – The
aforementioned Rauraci – an “ancient” people settled in the Basel
area – occupied me for over twenty years. – Finally, it became clear:
RAURACI = RRCM > (C)R/RGM = CR + RGM = CAESAR + REGEM = Caesar or
Christ King. The humanists named Basel after the Eastern Roman savior,
Christ King Basil of Caesarea.
122. The
following generally applies to names from ancient times: These are
constructed, they are nicknames; they are meant to reflect a
particular characteristic or a central action of the person or people. –
The most important historical names and their analyses are presented in
the appendix.
123. A
middle name or nickname can be just as significant as the first name.
Why was the famous Roman emperor called Nero, meaning "the Black"?
Well, under this ruler, a religious shift occurred with the Apostle Paul.
– And why did the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II bear the
nickname GATTINO = Kitten? Perhaps it is a deliberate allusion to
the cat of the Egyptian god Ra. Frederick was, in fact, sometimes called
Pharaoh.
124.
Certain details from a ruler's history seem strange, even cryptic. – We
will mention the late medieval Burgundian duke Charles the Bold a
few times. He built a wooden hut above Lausanne during his campaign
against the Swiss Confederation. – Well, well, a ruler fond of luxury in a
simple hut!
125. Even
Attila, called the Scourge of God (flagellum Dei), king of the Huns
and ruler of both the Western and Eastern Roman Empires, is said to
have lived in a wooden house, according to the chroniclers. – I see a
Christian allusion here: The Son of God, as is well known, was born and
raised in a simple hut.
126. The
modern era alone contains the elements for a coherent historical picture.
– But the Gothic, the Renaissance, the Baroque, the Rococo, then the
Enlightenment and Classicism follow one another so closely in art and
literature that they are often difficult to distinguish. – And there are
still no reliable dates.
127.
The only true epoch is contemporary history. This alone concerns us.
What has no connection to the present can be ignored. – Or is anyone
shaken by the clash of weapons in the Trojan War?
128.
The task of historical analysis is to separate true history from false
history. In other words: There is history and prehistory; we know the
former, but little or nothing about the latter.
129. This
dichotomy is not absolute. One must assume a historical gray area. True
history, contemporary history, gives way on the timeline, first to
historical twilight, then to a complete historical night, in French, la
nuit des temps. 130. Graphically, the historical timeline is comparable
to a color gradient: the further down chronologically one goes, the
lower the color saturation becomes, until finally only white remains. – In
conventional history, however, the colors shine just as brightly on the
timeline for many centuries and even a few millennia as they do in the
present.
131. We
know what European cities and landscapes looked like at the end of the
18th century. But after just a few decades, our images disappear. Then, in
a time without images or writing, we have to try to grasp cultural
developments and place them roughly in chronological order. For several
decades of the "Middle Ages," this is still possible, more or less. After
that, it becomes obscure.
132.
Behind the Middle Ages lies the "Roman period." This left significant
evidence throughout southern and western Europe, and to some extent in
central Europe. But Roman architecture, upon closer inspection,
presents intractable problems. How long did it last, and what political
and cultural power stood behind it? – It was certainly several decades,
but not centuries.
133. As
soon as one delves into the details of that Roman culture, more questions
arise than there are answers. – It is striking, for example, that
amphitheaters are found only in the western part of the Roman Empire,
but not in the east. In Greece, in Anatolia, in Syria, there are only
hippodromes and theaters. – The archaeologists know this, but they don't
ask any further questions. – I mean, the early Christians lived in the
East and didn't want amphitheaters with animal hunts and gladiatorial
combats.
134.
One may surmise that that great Roman Empire was already divided at the
beginning. There are several indications of this, not just the
amphitheater argument just mentioned. In fictional history, divisions and
unifications of the empire alternate: Solomon created a unified empire,
which after his death split into Israel = Western Rome and Judah = Eastern
Rome. – The unified Roman Empire after Octavian's victory over Antony
and Cleopatra may never have existed. That's why several historical
accounts omit that empire.
135. It is
observed that the authors of the Bible place the partial kingdom of
Judah above that of Israel. Judah stands for orthodox Byzantium, that
is, for the Eastern Roman Empire. Every Judean king who did not behave in
an orthodox manner was punished. For example, it is said that King Abijah
"persisted in the sins of his father Jeroboam," while his son Asa ruled in
a manner pleasing to God.
136.
Further questions arise regarding the Roman period in Syria, Asia
Minor, Libya, and North Africa. The Roman remains in Tunisia and
Libya—buildings and sculptures
-
show striking similarities to the Baroque style in Rome. Consider, for
example, the Oceanus mosaic from Sabratha, Libya: This god depicts
a portrait of Leonardo da Vinci! The "Roman period" apparently lasted
longer in North Africa and the Middle East than in Europe. Yet art
historians don't discuss this.
137. New
explanations and theories are constantly being proposed regarding the
construction and function of the Egyptian pyramids. But the mysteries
remain. Even the oldest chronicles contain reflections on these monuments.
Only one thing is certain: The names of the three great pyramids, Cheops,
Chephren, and Mykerinos, were given by the French.
138.
Reliable history requires written and dated documents
and
in large numbers.
In the age of information technology, data volumes are measured in
gigabytes or terabytes. Such amounts of data are illusory for earlier
times.
139.
Historians constantly insist that they rely on sources. In archives, the
quantity of documents is measured in linear meters. But all written
records only emerged from the last third of the 18th century onward.
Before that, there was nothing
-
much to the chagrin of orthodox and dogmatic historians.
140. Has
no one noticed that the Bible and the "classical" Greek and Latin authors
do not mention dates? They only state how long a patriarch or king
reigned. The idea of dating written records arose later.
141.
The dates for the first decades after the introduction of the calendar are
arbitrary or symbolic. I didn't invent historical numerology;
but I developed it and gained many insights from it. Nevertheless,
historians cling to this jumble of numbers, to these numerological
constructions. Behind this lies the futile search for reliable references.
But these don't exist.
142.
The analysis of medieval lists of rulers yields astonishing findings.
For example, the Holy Roman Empire had a total of 31 rulers between
911 and 1313 AD, that is, over a period of 403 years. These rulers
bore 13 different names. And, as is well known, 13 times 31
equals 403. The succession of German kings and emperors of the Middle
Ages follows a growing and repeating algorithm.
143.
The system of Holy Roman Emperors is the same even over a longer period:
From 800 to 1530 AD, a total of 31 rulers—from Charlemagne to
Charles V -
were crowned emperor. These rulers also bore 13 different names.
Therefore, the same calculation can be made here: 31 x 13 = 403.
However, this latter figure only considers the years they served as
emperor.
144.
The first German ruler was a Louis. The name was originally
Chlodovic, meaning "The king has replaced the viceroy (of Rome)."
Clovis, from the Frankish tribe, defeated Syagrius (Sacrum,
meaning "holy"), the last Roman governor in Gaul, in 486 AD and
established a new Holy Roman Empire. This is the so-called transfer of
power (translatio imperii), the most important event of the
Middle Ages.
145.
Several historical names can be deciphered using gematria. In
Hebrew, each letter also has a numerical value. DAVID, for example,
consists of the letters dalet = 4, waw = 6, and dalet = 4
again, which together add up to 14, or with the numbers reversed,
41. – This explains why Augustus was considered a new David:
He reigned for 41 years and died in 14 AD.
146.
There are dozens, if not hundreds, of numerical and verbal
constructions in ancient history. One really has to wonder: At what
desk, in what study, were these ingenious historical tricks devised?
147.
The established, false history, which is written down in most books
and taught in schools and universities, ignores the problems of sources,
dating, and mathematical constructions. It naively believes in true
content and dates even beyond the threshold of time. - The purported
history becomes a collection of fairy tales, myths, and legends.
148.
The old story represents a massive historical falsification. Why do
most people, especially scholars, allow themselves to be deceived by these
untrue stories? Do they truly not know, or are they victims of
brainwashing?
149. I see
clinging to a false history as a consequence of the state education
system. This system forces students to learn things that don't exist.
Those who recite fictitious content, numbers, and data ad nauseam in the
official learning system are considered educated and get ahead. - But
there is no connection between knowledge and insight. - And in real
life, other qualities count.
150.
Teachers and professors should actually see beyond the surface. But they
have become dulled by the garbage of knowledge; they pass it on. First,
you are deceived, then you deceive yourself. - As early as the
Renaissance, the poet Sebastian Brant exclaimed: The world wants
to be deceived (Mundus vult decipi).
151.
The French Revolution from 1789 onward is the first credible historical
complex. - But history only becomes fully real a few decades later.
And anyway: Why do the dates from 1789 onward become plausible? I think it
was because of the promissory notes, the assignats, with which the
revolution financed itself. In that context, one could no longer use
fanciful dates.
152.
The Napoleonic Wars are likely more or less accurate—with
significant caveats: Was the ruler's army in Russia really that large? Did
Napoleon's return to France for the Hundred Days and the Battle of
Waterloo in 1815 even take place? Even today, archaeologists in Belgium
are searching in vain for mass graves from that battle.
153.
Before 1815, before 1800, and before 1789, history quickly disappears into
historical obscurity. To claim and describe the year "1750" is
incorrect; to describe the year "1700" is simply outlandish.
154.
The Thirty Years' War in a "17th century" has nothing to do with
history. The Hundred Years' War between England and France in the
late Middle Ages may, at best, contain a grain of truth: There was indeed
a conflict between these two countries at one time.
155.
The wars of antiquity, be it the Persian War against Athens or the
Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage, are stories, not history. – But in
classical history lessons, they seem to be more significant than many wars
of the modern era. – Otherwise, one cannot explain the lengthy accounts of
a "Battle of Plataea 479 BC," a "Battle of Cannae 216 BC," or a "Naval
Battle of Actium 30 BC."
156.
The three Punic Wars were so important to the Romans that they were
given a special numerical pattern. The first war began in 264 BC,
the last ended in 146 BC. Thus, the entire conflict lasted 118
years. If one adds the digital roots of the three numbers, the result
is 33, the age of Jesus Christ.
157.
The ancient Greeks and Romans during the Republic fought a remarkably
large number of naval battles: The Athenians triumphed over the
Persians at Salamis, near Athens, and at the Eurymedon in Asia Minor;
later again at a location called Salamis in Cyprus and at the Arginusae
Islands. The Spartans themselves defeated the Athenians at Abydus and
Cyzicus. – The Romans achieved major victories in naval battles against
the Carthaginians at Mylae and the promontory of Ecnomus, and subsequently
at the Aegean Islands. – The naval battle of Actium in 30 BC even
established its own system of chronology.
158.
The matter of ancient naval battles should not be viewed historically, but
rather religiously: The plural of the Latin word for sea, MARE,
is MARIA, meaning the Virgin Mary. – The Christian Queen of
Heaven is also represented in the famous Spanish fleet of the Armada,
which was supposedly destroyed by the English in 1588 AD.
159. The
matter of Mare – Maria goes further and deeper. When a German
speaks of “sand by the sea,” he is probably unaware that he is invoking
the Holy Mother of God; SAND = SANCTUM and SEA = MARIA.
160. Later
we will mention the southern Italian port city of Taranto (Tarent),
the real-life model for the mythical Atlantis. The German word Strand (S.TRNTM)
actually means holy Tarentum.
161.
Paradoxically, antiquity contains more real history than the Middle Ages
and the modern era! How is that possible? Well, the scholars who created
the history of antiquity also included in their narratives things that
preoccupied Europe at the time. For example, they were aware of the
incessant piracy from North Africa against the northern coasts of the
Mediterranean and its islands. So, the historians invented the protracted
wars of Rome against Carthage.
162. At a
certain time, the colonization of the New World began from Europe.
The name Columbus (= holy Naples) can be disregarded, as can the
year "1492." However, there are already allusions to Europe's
transatlantic ventures in ancient history and even in the historical books
of the Bible.
163. At
the beginning of the modern era, "at the beginning of the 16th century," a
Reformation of faith is claimed. However, the documents relating to
it were not created until 1770. - Despite the abundance of records, the
Reformation remains a blurry matter. - The only fact is that from that
point onward, every religion claimed to represent the true faith.
164.
The ancient Church Fathers, such as Jerome, Augustine, and Basil of
Caesarea, are to be seen on the same chronological plane as the Reformers
Luther, Melanchthon, Erasmus, Zwingli, Bullinger, and Calvin. - These
minds taught the same thing at the same time; they can hardly be
distinguished. - Only later was the Reformation fragmented
chronologically. - I have always wondered why Calvin preached his
Reformation a generation after Luther and Zwingli, even though the new
faith undoubtedly spread at the same time.
165. One
absurd detail about the reformer Calvin should not be omitted:
According to the chronicler Petavius (Denis Petau), Calvin's heresy was
condemned at a council in Constantinople (!) in 1638 and 1642. A Catholic
council in a Muslim country—and a hundred years after the events?
166.
The sheer volume of the reformers' works should only be mentioned here:
The Zurich reformer Heinrich Bullinger (“1504–1575”), Zwingli's
successor, is said to have written 124 works, 7,000 sermons, 2,000
letters, and received 10,000 letters! And this theological genius
supposedly became a professor of New Testament exegesis at the age of 18
(!). Every high school student would turn pale with envy!
167.
Baroque scholars seem to have deliberately produced extensive works:
the more volumes, the greater the prestige, it seems to have been their
ambition. – The Italian historiographer Lodovico Antonio Muratori
compiled a collection of historical texts about Italy in nine volumes
totaling 5,500 pages. – His compatriot Cardinal Cesare Baronio
wrote a church history in twelve thick volumes. – Was there really so much
to report about the origins of the Catholic Church?
168.
The Bernese polymath Albrecht von Haller (“1708–1777”) surpasses even
some Reformers and Church Fathers in the sheer volume of his written
output: he is said to have left behind a body of work exceeding 50,000
pages, in addition to 9,000 (!) book reviews and 17,000 (!) letters to and
from him. – I have long said of this Haller: In the year of his death, not
a single line had yet been written by this genius!
169.
The name Haller touches on my student years. I wrote a dissertation on
the Bernese political theorist Karl Ludwig von Haller. He is said to have
been a grandson of the famous Albrecht von Haller. But nowhere did I find
any indication that Karl Ludwig specifically mentioned his alleged
grandfather—or even his father. Thus, the lineage was constructed
retrospectively.
170. Only
for the expanded new edition of this work did I study a few other
intellectual giants of the 18th century, especially Voltaire and
Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Both had connections to western Switzerland and
Geneva. My verdict is: These writers are dated too early; they could not
have written their works before the 1780s.
171.
The task of historical and chronological criticism is to expose
long-established historical arrogance and to trim history down to a
manageable size. This criticism logically also implies a reduction in
time: Human history, and even Earth's history, is much shorter than
commonly assumed.
172.
Several authors speak of a "Great Campaign" of historical invention or
falsification. In fact, falsification and invention of history go hand
in hand. And the past cannot defend itself against being distorted and
misused.
173.
The purpose of the Great Campaign was to obscure historical truth.
Thus, everything appears vague and unclear. In physics, this is known as
the uncertainty principle: A particle cannot be precisely located in terms
of time and place. This phenomenon also applies to fictional history.
174.
The early chroniclers and historians did not want to depict how things
actually were, but rather to faithfully present a Christian history of
salvation based on a matrix.
175. Until
the 19th century, no one had any interest in writing true history. Why
would they? Before that, there was no written history. Humanity fared well
and progressed culturally even without writing.
176.
The old sources are forgeries, a jumble of claims and dates that don't add
up. They fabricate times and events that never existed. Even
conventional historical scholarship partially acknowledges this. However,
it limits itself to distinguishing between true and false information.
177. It is
sometimes worthwhile to take a look at the sources that historians
consider true and on which they base their work. One soon discovers how
flimsy these highly praised historical documents actually are. I sometimes
tell myself that one has to be a historian to believe such outrageous
things.
178.
Several historians recognized as early as 1815 that the traditional view
of history, as represented, for example, by the aforementioned Johannes
von Müller, was inaccurate. It was too melodramatic and too convoluted.
Thus, so-called "critical historiography" emerged. This relied
primarily on historical documents. But there, those well-intentioned
researchers, such as the Swiss historian Joseph Eutych Kopp, literally
jumped from the frying pan into the fire: they exchanged one false
document for another. Historical documents are no better than
chronicles.
179. In
1986, a massive conference on "Forgeries in the Middle Ages"
took place in Munich. The result is six volumes and an index volume. But
it's not even worth glancing inside this work. It presents only individual
documents, mostly charters. There is no mention anywhere of a large-scale
forgery operation.
180.
The mention of charters infuriates me because, as a student, I had to
study this supposed science—called charter studies or diplomatics. Many
years ago, I wrote: Charters are historical worthless, a mass of
documents that don't even outweigh the parchment on which they are
written. But unsuspecting historians are infatuated with these
pseudo-documents. They believe they have before them original and real
evidence from distant times.
181.
Both historians and amateurs accept documentary evidence without
considering the absurdity of their findings. A village might be
documented "around 1000 AD," while a neighboring village isn't mentioned
until "1300 AD." Is it reasonable to assume a 300-year gap? – And I was
just studying the history of the two French brandies. Armagnac is
supposedly documented as early as "the 15th century," but Cognac only "in
the 17th century." – That's absurd and illogical!
182. The
so-called donation of Henau in Thurgau serves as a prime example of
this documentary madness. "On August 6, 754 AD," a pious man named
Rotphald (!) bequeathed all his possessions—cattle, servants, houses,
huts, fields, meadows, forests, and waterways—to the Abbey of St. Gall for
the salvation of his soul after his death. For this, he requested 30
buckets of beer (!) and 40 loaves of bread annually during his lifetime. –
Who, apart from orthodox historians, believes such blatant nonsense from
fantastically distant times?
183. For
about 200 years, historians have believed they are contributing to
historical knowledge when they study documents. An example from my own
region still haunts me: Around 1850, the Bernese historian Ludwig Anton
Wurstemberger wrote a four-volume work about a Count Peter of Savoy,
who supposedly lived "in the 13th century." – Where did he get his
knowledge about this imaginary figure from impossibly early times?
Wurstemberger's sources were 900 (!) parchment documents. – What
the industrious researcher didn't know, or didn't want to know, was that
these documents were at most 50 years old in his time!
184.
When forgeries are mentioned, one immediately thinks of counterfeit
banknotes. The comparison is apt. Those who falsified history often
employed incredible resources and energy to mislead the public. The
critical historian sometimes needs a detective's instinct to expose false
attributions and contradictory content.
185.
The production of charters began around 1780, a generation after the
advent of printing. Yet within decades, thousands upon thousands of such
documents had been created. Their editions fill thick volumes, and charter
researchers have been making a living from them for two hundred years.
186.
German charters are notable for their peculiar names and convoluted
language: Wil, for example, was written as Wilare, and Chronik as
Chronick. The reason for these linguistic contortions is simple:
they were intended to suggest a great age, a time when language was still
somewhat clumsy. Furthermore, there is a linguistic contradiction: in
the High Middle Ages, there was a "Middle High German." But all German
charters use exclusively Modern High German. No charter researcher has
ever addressed this chronological impossibility.
187. I
date the beginning of the written tradition—that is, the creation of the
languages known today, the recording of texts, the collection of
documents—to the period from 1760 onward. This is a watershed moment
in the development of humankind, the true beginning of the modern world.
The emergence of written culture coincides with a multitude of
technological inventions, from gunpowder and printing to mirrors, clocks,
and optical instruments.
188.
The aforementioned date of the 1760s is permissible because the Anno
Domini (AD) system, the calendar we use today, arose simultaneously with
the advent of written records. Before the mid-18th century, it is
generally not permissible to use the modern calendar. Instead, one must
state approximately how many years before today.
189.
Conventional scientists object that scientific dating methods have
existed since about 1945: carbon-14 analysis, isotopic analysis of rocks,
tree rings, layers in sediments or ice cores, and so on. But if these
instruments actually provided reliable results, criticism of history and
chronology would be superfluous. Physical dating is a huge sham. It
serves only to support the absurd conventional chronology of history.
190. Just
as ancient historical narratives have only literary value, so too do dates
before the established historical period have only numerological
relevance. Such dates should therefore always be placed in quotation
marks.
191. But
even at the beginning, numbers played just as important a role as
content. In the Bible, for example, one reads about the number 666.
This number runs through the entire period of ancient history. For
instance, Julius Caesar is said to have been killed in “44 BC”. -
And exactly 666 years later, that is, "622 AD," the Prophet
Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina is placed.
192.
Before the mid-18th century, no written documents survive, except for
inscriptions in stone and metal in early Latin. - But a few lines and
words are not enough to reconstruct history. - And before 1789,
there is no date, therefore no source, and consequently no historical
content that can be reliably and temporally determined. Anyone who relies
on such documents is building on sand.
193. I
do not dare to make any estimates for times further than approximately 400
years ago. - Consequently, the emergence of today's human culture is
probably to be placed approximately four hundred years ago—in any case,
less than five hundred years ago. - What came before merges into natural
history.
194. The
historical problem concerns times further than two hundred years before
today or before 1815. And historical criticism is fundamentally as old
as written history itself. A few figures will be mentioned here.
195. The
French cleric Jean Hardouin disputed the authenticity of all
ancient texts, especially the Bible, the Church Fathers, and the Greek and
Roman classics. He also declared charters, conciliar acts, as well as
ancient coins and inscriptions to be forgeries from a later period.
Hardouin is said to have been active at the beginning of the 18th century.
But that is far too early. Hardouin must be considered a fictional
character, created in the early 19th century.
196. The
Dutch Jesuit Papebroch claimed that all charters were spurious.
Through my own research, I have discovered that charters are in any case
younger than the first printed chronicles.
197.
Voltaire can be seen as the first great critic of history. In his
writings, he expresses outrage at the absurdity of many details of ancient
and medieval history. - For example, Voltaire is outraged by the alleged
Battle of Tours and Poitiers "732 AD," in which the Franks under Charles
Martel supposedly killed hundreds of thousands of Arabs while suffering
only a few dozen losses of their own.
198. In
1814, the work “My View of History” (Meine Ansicht der Geschichte),
by the aforementioned Peter Franz Joseph Müller, was published in
Düsseldorf. – In it, the scholar states that the classical authors and the
rest of the written record originate from a much later period than is
commonly claimed. – Müller's work is over two hundred years old. Had the
book been taken into consideration, the colossal fabrication of history
would have collapsed even then.
199.
P.F.J. Müller refutes the fictitious ancient history with simple questions.
He asks, for example, why the German Emperor Lothair is sometimes called
Lothair III and sometimes Lothair II. – And Germania is said to have been
a kingdom, while Italy was an empire. But why were only the German princes
allowed to elect an emperor?
200. In
the 1890s, the English historian of religion Edward Johnson first
spoke of a "Great Campaign" of
historical falsification and claimed that it had begun in monasteries. For
him, historical falsification represents "an enormous monument to the
propensity in human nature to deceive and to be deceived."
201. In
1902, an unknown classical philologist calling himself Robert Baldauf
published a hundred-page pamphlet containing selected analyses of Greek
and Roman literature. In it, he demonstrated that the "classical" works
were predisposed to the German and Romance languages and therefore must
have originated within a short period of time. Baldauf was undoubtedly
familiar with the work of Peter Franz Joseph Müller, for his conclusions
are the same: the entire ancient tradition, the Bible, the Church Fathers,
and classical Greek and Latin literature all originated within a few
generations. The Renaissance did not discover ancient tradition; it
created this literature.
202.
Baldauf exposed a characteristic of supposed ancient poetry—from Horace to
Ovid to Virgil—as inauthentic. It is claimed that ancient metrics are
based solely on syllable length, and are therefore quantitative. However,
according to Baldauf, the modern accentual principle, end rhyme, and even
alliteration seem to be present even in ancient poetry. – This reminds me
of a gasoline advertisement from sixty years ago: Put
a tiger in your
tank!
203. An
important point must be made about Baldauf: This author may be
Friedrich Nietzsche. – His literary criticism would thus have been
published posthumously.
204. In
the 1930s, the German historian Wilhelm Kammeier identified a
comprehensive falsification of history and its sources—the charters and
chronicles—and dated the beginning of this falsification to the late
Middle Ages. He also saw the contradictions in the fabricated history as a
key characteristic: The creators wanted to prevent absolute certainty and
the ability to commit to specific sources. Deliberate contradictions and
fundamental inconsistencies are indeed found throughout ancient historical
literature: No matter how much research one conducts on ancient times,
ultimately everything remains confused and unclear.
205. A
deliberate contradiction can already be found in the four Gospels: In
Matthew, Mark, and Luke, Christ reaches the age of 33, while in John, he
reaches 45. Which is correct?
206. The
absurdities in ancient history are discussed at many points here. One
might think the ancient chroniclers wanted to tell their readers: "Don't
believe the outrageous things we're telling you here!" A famous quote
attributed to the supposedly North African Church Father Tertullian
reads: Credo quia absurdum =
I believe (in it) because it is absurd. However, ancient history
requires a great deal of faith!
207. Even
the names of figures in this false history contain clues that one
shouldn't believe everything: Why does the famous physician and quack
Paracelsus have "Bombast" among his given names, alongside
"Hohenheim"? And why did one chronicler call himself Johannes Salat?
Ancient history is essentially a bombastic salad of words and numbers.
208.
Critics of ancient, fictional history have always existed. However, for a
long time, the right tools were lacking to expose the purported content
and timelines as false. –Broader criticism of the old tradition only began
around 1900.
209. At
the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian philosopher Nikolai
Morozov was the first to criticize not only the historical content
but also the time periods presented. He attempted a large-scale
reduction of human history.
210.
Morozov also recognized the connections between biblical and real
geography. For example, the name Sinai derives from the Latin
sinus, meaning bay or bay. This refers to the Gulf of
Naples with Mount Vesuvius. The same applies to Mount Horeb:
the fire-breathing Vesuvius is terrible, horribile in Latin.
211. Over
twenty years ago, I grasped these connections. Since then, I've said:
Vesuvius is everywhere. Our language, our vocabulary, our perceptions
are permeated with allusions to the volcano and the city of Naples at its
foot. Germans say Wolken (VLCNM = VULCANUM = volcano),
Italians nuvole (NVLM > NPLM = NEAPOLIM, Naples).
212.
Immediately after hearing about these derivations, I analyzed the saying
about the land flowing with milk and honey, found in the biblical
book of Exodus 3:8: This refers to the Monti Lattari, located south
of Vesuvius, which were known for whey cures. - LACTEM = milk is
clear. - But what about honey? - Well, mountain is MONTEM in Latin. Like
many other words, MNTM was interpreted or misunderstood as MLM = MELLEM
= honey.
213. Since
the 1990s, the Russian mathematician Anatoly Fomenko, through the
comparison and analysis of ancient texts—the Bible and the works of
classical authors—has determined that these can be traced back to a few
original stories. - Above all, he recognized the legend of the Trojan
War as a fundamental narrative, as a matrix, as a blueprint for the
invention of history – The Russian-German physicist Eugen Gabowitsch
deserves credit for having made Fomenko and his circle known in
German-speaking countries as well.
214.
The legend of Troy, or Ilyum, can be summarized as follows: The
wealthy trading city on the coast was besieged by the Greeks because of
the abduction of a woman and, after a long battle, was captured through a
ruse. The inhabitants were killed, and the city was burned. Some Trojans
managed to escape and found a new city, Neapolis (New City), in another
location. The epic of Troy, with figures such as Priam, Paris, Agamemnon,
Achilles, Menelaus, Helen, Hector, Odysseus, and Aeneas, and featuring the
locations Mycenae, Troy, Tenedus, and the famous Trojan Horse, is
incredibly multifaceted, offering numerous interpretations.
215.
Modern languages are permeated with terms from the Trojan legend. The
German word Krieg (War) (CRC) reveals its Greek origins. The
Romance languages and the English adopted the word werra, while war
was the Old High German word werra (PRM). This refers to
Priam, the high king of that legendary city. And the noise crack
(CRC) also betrays the Greeks: the ten years of Greek battles before Troy
made a pagan racket!
216. No
less interesting are the parallel stories of the Trojan legend,
namely the "Roman" author Titus Livius' Tarquinian or Etruscan War in
Rome, Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars, and Procopius' Gothic War.
The war between the Israelites and Benjamites in the biblical Book of
Judges is another example. But Troy elements can be found in many
ancient historical narratives.
217.
The name Troy was interchangeable: Ilium, Rome, Naples, Jerusalem, and
Babylon all stood for that legendary city. Even the word "market"
is related to Troy: TROJAM = TRM > MRT = MERCATUM = English "mart" and
"market."
218. When
speaking of Troy, one must not forget Atlantis, meaning "born of
the star," a utopian variant of Ilium, modeled on the real Apulian port
city of Tarentum (Taranto) with its inner and outer harbors. – The
Atlantis legend was created by Italian followers of Plato. – Plato himself
was certainly Italian, not Greek.
219.
Utopias became a significant genre of the newly emerging literature,
with dozens of works appearing well into the 20th century. – The
Englishman Thomas More made the start with Utopia, meaning
"no land." – And his compatriot Francis Bacon aptly named his
utopian design Nova Atlantis.
220. In
his ideal state, Thomas More condemns precious metals and therefore
has the Utopians produce chamber pots (!) out of gold. – But the
Englishman adopted this idea from Herodotus. The latter describes
the constitution of the Spartans according to their legendary founder
Lycurgus. He, too, ordered his countrymen to mint only iron coins. –
The Roman poet Virgil also condemned the greed for gold: He spoke
of the damned greed for gold (Sacra auri fames).
221. The
most impressive utopia constructed according to the model of Atlantis is
The City of the Sun (La Città del Sole), written by a southern
Italian monk named Tommaso Campanella. He describes a dark,
monastic-communist society, a mixture of the Spanish monarchy, the
Vatican, and Sparta. Even if one does not share Campanella's views, one
can still follow the motto of this spiritual warrior: "I was born to
fight three great evils: tyranny, sophistry, and hypocrisy" (Io
nacqui a debellar tre mali estremi: tirannide, sofismi, ipocrisia). Incidentally,
the first German translation of the dialogue “The City of the Sun”* dates
from 1789. Therefore, Campanella should be placed around this time, not
"around 1600 AD."
222. Not
only Troy and Atlantis appear in countless literary variations. History
itself was constructed according to certain patterns. The aforementioned
Fomenko discovered through analysis that the ancient and medieval
historical narratives overlap with their rulers. He revealed the
parallels or isomorphisms of the historical content and chronology.
According to Fomenko, the history of antiquity and the Middle Ages—and
also the biblical stories of the Old Testament—essentially consists of six
blocks or text books, along with a number of variants.
223. In
order to classify and compare ancient personalities, characters in
fictional history, a written biography, a comprehensive catalog of
characteristics, is necessary. In the first volume of his work on the
analysis of historical content, Fomenko lists as many as 34
invariant criteria as so-called enquête codes. These include,
among other things, names, nicknames, kinship, social status, wives,
length of reign, religious situation and events, special occurrences such
as astronomical phenomena, wars, uprisings, the ruler's manner of death,
and assessments by chroniclers.
224. I
expanded upon the historical parallels and thereby solved questions that I
had been unable to answer throughout my previous life. For example, I
always wondered why the High Medieval Emperor Henry III bore the
epithet "the Black." The analysis revealed that every time a religious
shift occurred in history, a dark, tyrannical ruler reigned. Jesus began
his ministry in Palestine under King Herod; Paul undertook his
missionary journeys in the Roman Empire under Emperor Nero; and the
High Medieval savior, Hildebrand, began his reform work under the
aforementioned Henry the Black.
225. I
also identified eight historical figures who fit the Solomon pattern.
These are Solomon and Manasseh in the Old Testament, Trajan and
Hadrian in the Roman Empire, Justinian in Byzantium,
Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent
among the Ottomans, and finally, Henry VIII of England.
226.
Parallels and isomorphisms may sound scholarly. One could also say that
invented history consists of templates, blueprints. Every significant
ruler, every important story reappears elsewhere in a modified, but
fundamentally the same form.
227.
History books were only later given dates and placed within a timeframe.
Initially, history existed on a single timescale. Thus, it is not
surprising that, for example, the Kingdom of Judah in the Old Testament is
found in the imperial history of the German High Middle Ages. – And the
Council of Constance is also described in the biblical Book of Ezra. Even
the names of the reformers Jan Hus and Wycliffe appear in that text.
228.
Certain “medieval” poems have counterparts in biblical books. The Song
of Roland is a paraphrase of Joshua, and the Alexander Romance
is a poetic adaptation of the Gospel of Mark. – The biblical Book of
Revelation itself presents, in mystical form, the Egyptian campaign of
Octavian Augustus, with the woman representing Cleopatra and the dragon
representing a crocodile, the symbol of Egypt.
229. In
his many books, Fomenko leaves researchers uncertain about when to place
the beginning of true history. He vaguely mentions the 16th, the 17th, or
sometimes the 18th century. Estimates of the timeframe for the more recent
prehistory are tricky. But even in historical criticism, approximate
dates are essential.
230. The
material Fomenko presents is vast and stimulating. It takes years
of study to process and understand this wealth of information. I have
taken up Fomenko's research and continue it. In "The Matrix of Ancient
History," I provide a concise introduction to the topic of historical
analysis. In "The Ancient Swiss Confederates," I apply analytical
techniques to the fictional history of the early Swiss confederation.
Several detailed studies on historiography in Switzerland supplement my
findings.
231. In
contrast to Fomenko, I attempt to incorporate more precise time estimates
into my analysis. - In doing so, I realized that these were getting closer
and closer to the present: Human history is much shorter than
previously assumed.
232. From
Fomenko and von Morozow, I also adopted the insight of the
devocalization of words and names followed by revocalization. - In
"The Place Names of Switzerland," I give an overview of the immensely
fascinating and important naming practices of Europe. According to my
findings, these arose universally and simultaneously. Written culture,
including dates, could only have developed after the names were created.
233. In
historical name analysis, only the consonants count—usually there are
three. Longer sequences of consonants contain double or triple words. For
example: NEAPEL > NPL or Troja, TROJAM > TRM. These tools can be used to
analyze ancient languages, place names, and personal names.
234.
Naples, Troy, Iljum, and Vesuvius are found in hundreds of words in
European languages, as well as in hundreds of geographical names and
personal names. The Stromboli volcano off the coast of Sicily has just
erupted again. This name even contains three words: S(ANCTAM) TROJAM
NEAPOLIM = holy Troy and Naples!
235.
Naples and Troy could be combined. Thus, dark words like the German
“Folter” = torture arose, even in place names like Affoltern.
And the consonants can be read backward. From TROJAM (TRM) comes martyr
(MRT) and Mar(k)t (MRT). – And the marathon is a Troy run.
236. Even
ancient tradition gives an example of backward reading: When the Roman
general Germanicus died in Antioch, his name could be read
backward in his house: GERMANICUS > SCM/MRC > SCM/CRM = SANCTUM
CAESAREM = Saint Caesar.
237. Like
Naples, Troy, Ilium, and Vesuvius, Rome is also represented
everywhere. Ruhm = fame (RM) belongs to that supposedly eternal
city just as much as Raum = space (RM) or rumble (RM). – The city
is also contained in Ramadan = ROMANUM DIEM = Roman day.
238. The
European peoples of antiquity were held together by their belief in Rome,
Troy, Naples, and Vesuvius. The Romans were simultaneously “Welsche”
(VLSM = VOLUSIUM = VESUVIUM), meaning Vesuvius people. - The Germans
(TTSCM = TITUM SANCTUM = Saint Titus) were subjects of the Vesuvius
emperor Titus, under whose reign the volcano erupted, destroying the city
of Pompeii. Furthermore, this people also belonged to the Romans, as the
Germanic tribes reveal ha/ROMANI = the Romans.
239.
Name analysis proves to be immensely fruitful and versatile in its
applications. Names simultaneously contain a meaning, a program. – We will
present numerous examples of this in the course of our discussion. – Many
ancient names – especially names of God – even have multiple meanings,
possessing a Protean character. – The comparison alone between the
accusative form of Jupiter, namely JOVEM, with the Hebrew JEHOVAM
shows that the pagan antiquity was just as Judeo-Christian as the
Middle Ages or the modern era. – A religious difference in time does
not exist.
240.
Naples and Troy are also contained in words with dark connotations:
Torture and martyrdom have already been mentioned. But terror (TRM)
and tyrant (TRM) also derive from them. These words allow for an
important conclusion: Human society was not a free association. A
violent, a terrorist power stood behind it. – Some researchers have
already recognized this.
241. The
ancient texts must be examined for their figurative meaning. Take, for
example, Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars. – On the surface, it is the
story of a Roman general who subjugated all of Gaul in a ten-year
campaign. – But Caesar must first be seen as the head, the Pope, of the
Roman Catholic Church. Thus, the Gallic Wars are an account in ancient
garb of the conversion of France to the true faith. – Similarly,
Suetonius's biographies of the emperors reflect the four Gospels about
the life of Jesus. And Ovid's Metamorphoses mythologically present
the Old Testament from the Flood to Emperor Augustus.
242. A
general insight must be considered when studying fictional history: It
is not a matter of knowing and learning a great deal, but rather of
grasping the essential content. – Whoever correctly interprets the
ancient names has grasped the quintessence of the story. – Behind Troy,
for example, lies not only the number three. It also refers to
the Christian dogma of the Trinity. Consequently, the Trojan War is
a theological dispute about the true faith.
243. We
return to the history of construction. This represents a key path
to a redefinition of the content and timing of early cultural history. The
buildings allow for striking estimations of historical periods.
244.
Here, the immensely significant technical invention of cement or mortar
must be mentioned. This binding agent made it possible to erect stable
walls and buildings. The so-called Roman period should first be
understood as a technologically new era, based on the bonding agent mortar.
Before this, there were only buildings made of dry stone walls and
materials such as wood, reeds, and straw.
245.
The matter of mortar is more complicated. It is true that the Romans,
in addition to mortar, also knew concrete and used it for various
construction purposes, such as dome construction. This technique was
supposedly lost in the "Middle Ages" and only rediscovered in the
Renaissance. Nothing could be further from the truth: mortar and concrete
are merely two facets of the same substance. If only sand is used as a
filler for a binding agent, it is called mortar; if gravel or larger
stones are used as filler, the result is concrete. European construction
technology did not regress.
246.
Burial mounds, or tumuli, as well as earthworks and
other ancient fortifications often referred to as oppida, can be
considered structures built before mortar technology.
247.
Earthworks
(Erdwerke),
that is, fortifications consisting of castle mounds, ramparts, and
ditches, must be older than stone castles. Defensive structures
with stone towers, gates, and curtain walls were generally built into
existing earthworks. – The difference in time is to be assessed in terms
of decades, not centuries. – I explain these findings in my work
"Castles Around Bern" (Burgen rund um Bern).
248.
“Ancient” temples, that is, cult buildings consisting of a cella
with a walled ambulatory of arches or columns, are older than churches.
Christian places of worship were often built directly over ancient cult
sites or Roman villas (villae rusticae). This proves that the temporal
difference between the two building cultures - “Antiquity” and “Medieval”
- is small.
249. The
remains of Roman buildings north of the Alps all lie beneath fertile soil,
under pastures, fields, and forests. The ruins were dismantled down to
their foundations within a few years for the purpose of reusing the
building materials.
250.
The burial mounds or tumuli in Central Europe have all been
opened—mostly in the 19th century, many even earlier. Therefore, the
culture of artificial mounds cannot be as ancient as archaeologists claim.
Or are we supposed to believe that these earthworks remained untouched for
a thousand or two thousand years before disrespectful grave robbers
plundered them?
251. The
wooden stumps of the pile dwellings (Pfahlbauten) on the shores of
lakes in Switzerland and southern Germany can be at most a few centuries
old, because wood decomposes. How can these remains be attributed an age
of several thousand years? As early as 1860, the German researcher
Reinhold Pallmann criticized the pile-dwelling mania and its dating.
252.
The aforementioned "Roman" building culture around the Mediterranean
left behind impressive remains. This makes us forget that we know very
little about the culture behind them. We cannot make precise
statements about its origin, duration, or end.
253.
Around 1900, the German researcher August von Cohausen examined
the Limes, the Roman border fortifications in Germany, and concluded
that these ditches and walls represented only customs borders. The
fortifications would have been virtually impossible to defend.
254.
The Renaissance created classical antiquity—and, to some extent, the
Middle Ages. We've already established that. And it's often difficult
to distinguish between ancient and medieval buildings.
255. Take
the famous Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens. Classical scholars
rave about this structure and even know its exact construction date, just
as they know who built it: The temple was supposedly erected between 447
and 422 BC by the two architects Iktinos and Kallikrates.
256.
Historical criticism sees things differently. The Parthenon was a
Christian cathedral, built by Franks, Catalans, and Italians in the
classical style, dedicated to the Virgin Mary (Parthenos), and completed
around 1750. The names of the two architects mentioned speak for
themselves in this analysis: Iktinus proves to be "the Catalan";
Kallikrates means "holy Christ."
257. And
by the way: The Acropolis today is a modern ruin. Since the
beginning of the 19th century, all Christian and Ottoman buildings there
have been removed to satisfy the delusion of a "Periclean antiquity." In
old photographs, the impressive "medieval" Frankish tower can still
be seen on the Acropolis next to the Propylaea. Schliemann had it
demolished at his own expense around 1880.
258.
Independent researchers like Fomenko have pointed out an important
detail about the latter two structures on the Acropolis: the Frankish
Tower and the Propylaea share the same masonry. This means the two
structures were built at the same time. – This will probably not please
the devotees of classical antiquity!
259. In
Athens, it is not only the Parthenon that was named later. The
Temple of Athena Nike and the Propylaea also have no original names.
The Temple of Olympian Zeus at the foot of the Acropolis was
initially called the "Basilica" or even the "Palace of Hadrian." And
the “Tower of the Winds” - an ancient water clock - was first thought
to be the tomb of Socrates.
260.
Greek architecture is supposedly characterized by the Doric order of
columns -in contrast to the Corinthian order of the Romans. But the
ancient Greek temples with their Doric capitals in Athens, Bassae, Delphi,
Corinth, Nemea, Olympia, Cape Sounion, and elsewhere in Greece, are to be
regarded as post-classical and had medieval builders from the West.
261.
This also applies to the enormous "Greek" temple complexes in southern
Italy and Sicily: The religious buildings of Paestum, Agrigento,
Segesta, and Selinunte are the work of the Catalans, Aragonese,
and Navarrese. These northern Spanish conquerors migrated from their
homelands through southern Italy and Sicily to Greece. Their history has
been lost; their buildings remain.
262.
The Temple of Segesta in the mountains near Palermo and the Temple
of Bassae in the Peloponnese are unusually well preserved. And
suspiciously similar things are said about both structures: They are said
to be 2,500 years old and yet remain unfinished. Who believes such a
thing?
263. One
detail about the Temple of Bassae is also perplexing: The colonnade
follows the Doric order; but inside, Ionic and Corinthian columns are
found. Thus, the forms of the capitals are not suitable for dating them.
264.
Important place names in Sicily preserve the memory of those Spanish
crusaders: Syracuse can be etymologically deciphered as "holy
Aragonesia," Ragusa reveals Aragonesia, and Catania the
Catalans.
265. The
temple of Olympian Zeus in Athens fascinated me even in my early
youth. It is said to have been a temple dedicated to Olympian Zeus.
Fifteen colossal Corinthian columns still stand from the structure - here
probably weren't many more. For me, the Olympian Zeus is an unfinished
monument to the architectural megalomania of the crusaders in Greece.
But archaeology places the structure in "classical antiquity" and even
claims a construction period of 650 years (!).
266. In
Rome, we find similar post-classical buildings: The columns of
Trajan and Marcus Aurelius appear young. - And the depictions of war
on these relief bands should be interpreted with caution: they show how
ancient Romans were imagined at a certain time - not how they actually
looked. And even in Rome, one shouldn't believe the attributions made to
buildings. Who, for example, can prove that Castel Sant'Angelo on the
Tiber was the "Mausoleum of Emperor Hadrian"? - We will return to that
monument.
267.
The Colosseum in Rome was the largest amphitheater in the ancient
world. It is said to have originated in antiquity and to have been used as
a fortress in the Middle Ages, then as a quarry. But these are legends
passed down through generations that do not stand up to critical scrutiny.
268. The
Renaissance architect Leon Battista Alberti is a parallel to the
ancient Vitruvius. It is said that Alberti built structures in the
Roman style. Perhaps he is behind the Colosseum and other buildings of
supposed ancient Rome.
269. The
fantastically well-preserved Pantheon has already been mentioned.
The vault of that church is technically implausible before the 18th
century. Only the exterior entrance facade looks antique; the interior is
no different from other Baroque churches.
270. The
following tale is told about the metal equestrian statue of Marcus
Aurelius in Rome: The artwork, created shortly after the emperor's
death, survived because in the Middle Ages it was believed to depict
Constantine the Great. This misconception was only corrected during the
Renaissance. – But the Marcus Aurelius in Rome is a modern work. In Italy,
the equestrian statues of Gattamelata in Padua and Colleoni
in Venice are known as its counterparts.
271. The
artistic depictions of the ruins of Rome by Piranesi and other
painters demonstrate a modern culture toward the end of the 18th century.
Ancient Rome was transformed into an unreal historical construct during
this period.
272. As
soon as antiquity was once again considered a model, buildings and works
of art were imitated or forged. Roman coins, with their realistic,
expressive portraits of emperors, influenced the art of the Renaissance.
Moreover, the names and characteristics of those rulers had to exist
before they could be depicted. The sharp features of the miserly Vespasian
and the round face of the pleasure-loving Titus or Titullius required a
written basis.
273. “In
the first half of the 15th century” - but in reality, after the mid-18th
century - there was an Italian art collector named Cyriacus of Ancona
who found ancient art treasures and inscriptions all over Greece. But this
enterprising collector was more of a great forger and antiquities dealer.
Cyriacus of Ancona, for example, was the first to create a drawing of the
Parthenon.
274. Even
during the Renaissance, people began to incorporate fabricated traditions
into works of art and buildings. For example, in Zurich there is a
painting by Hans Leu in which saints have been painted over to make
the schism between Catholic and Protestant faiths seem plausible.
275. A
detail of the mosaic depictions in the church of Sant’Apollinare Nuovo
in Ravenna is well known: There, one can see certain reworked images
in which it is claimed that the Orthodox had erased figures of the
heretical Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great. – Just as an aside: The
famous mosaics of Ravenna belong to the Renaissance, not to a
legendary Ostrogothic and Byzantine era.
276. In
the Roman imperial house of the Severans, there was a fraternal dispute:
Caracalla murdered his brother and co-ruler Geta. To present this
episode as true, two triumphal arches of that dynasty were slightly
altered: In Rome, the name Geta was erased from the inscription of the
Severan Arch in the Roman Forum, leaving a visible indentation. – In the
Roman city of Leptis Magna in Libya, archaeologists found Geta's
severed head carefully buried beneath the Severan triumphal arch.
277.
Attic vase painting and pottery are also creations of the Renaissance.
– Art history uniformly dates these vases and jugs to "400 to 600 BC." –
The pottery fetches high prices on the market. – No one questions how clay
jugs and vases, some of them quite large, could have survived two and a
half millennia (!) without damage. Most of these works of art are as well
preserved as if they had been made yesterday.
278.
And what about the ancient statues that are the pride of many great
museums? The Venus de Milo, the Winged Victory of Samothrace, the Augustus
statue at Prima Porta, and the Parthenon frieze are all considered
post-antique, Renaissance creations. The Pergamon frieze in Berlin can
even be classified as a work of art from Wilhelmine Germany after 1871.
279.
The Baroque and Neoclassical styles from the last quarter of the 18th
century onward cannot be explained without their classical precedents.
We admire the colonnades in front of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome—perhaps
erected around 1790. Their model can be found in present-day Jordan,
namely in the colonnades of the circular marketplace in Jerash (Gerasa).
280.
The famous Pompeii looked more "medieval" than "ancient." It was only
through the excavations since the late 18th century that this ruined city
was stylized as a site of classical antiquity.
281.
Pompeian art incorporates perspective elements that emerged during the
Renaissance. Depicting a horse from behind was previously uncommon, as
were top and bottom views. And the trompe-l'oeil frescoes of Pompeii
inspired Baroque artists like Mantegna, Correggio, and Tiepolo to create
their ceiling paintings.
282.
Famous Renaissance artists such as Caravaggio, Raphael, Titian, and Dürer
must have worked in Pompeii. Several paintings by these masters have
Pompeian counterparts. Art historians are aware of these comparisons but
remain silent about them.
283.
Moreover, the excavations in Pompeii and elsewhere were initially carried
out in a barbaric manner. They were searching for an antiquity as they
desired it. Thus, Christian and “medieval” finds—which did exist—were
ignored or even destroyed whenever possible.
284. Until
the beginning of the 19th century, cultural and architectural change was
essentially faster than it is today. Where, according to conventional
wisdom, centuries are said to have passed, in reality, only years or
decades. In Central Europe, the foundations of modern buildings rarely
extend back to the mid-18th century. There is already written evidence of
this in old books.
285. By
1790, Gothic architecture was already considered barbaric and outdated.
Thus, in Italy, a large number of Gothic churches were remodeled in the
Baroque style before the end of the 18th century. The situation was
similar north of the Alps.
286. The
famous miniatures, that is, illuminated manuscripts, from the Book of
Hours of the Duc de Berry, which date from around the 1780s, depict
Paris as the city of perfected Gothic architecture. A generation
later, almost nothing remained of that Gothic city. Today, Paris has
barely half a dozen surviving Gothic buildings. This is not surprising,
given that three-quarters of all churches were destroyed during the worst
period of the French Revolution in the 1790s.
287.
The architectural history of Rome leads to similar conclusions. The
earliest depictions of Rome in the chronicles of Hartmann Schedel and
Sebastian Münster show a medieval city. A few "ancient" structures are
visible, namely the columns of Trajan and Marcus Aurelius, along with the
Colosseum and the Pantheon.
288. The
Dutch artist Maarten van Heemskerck drew a Rome as it appeared
shortly before its Baroque transformation. The present-day St. Peter's
Basilica, for example, is under construction, but without the later
alterations. And the equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius is already in
place; however, it stands in front of the old Lateran Palace, not on the
Capitoline Hill as it does today. These images can be dated to the 1770s.
289. The
French painter Claude Lorrain is perplexing: During his stay in
Rome, he depicted the Arch of Septimius Severus in the Roman Forum as
standing in water. Did Rome experience a catastrophic flood before the
Baroque period? – Ancient chronicles mention a “sea overflow” of the
Tiber. – Even in Goethe’s time, the ruins of the Roman Forum were a cow
pasture, the Campo Vaccino, crisscrossed by an avenue of elm trees.
The ancient site had to be excavated from beneath a layer of earth that
was in some places five meters thick.
290.
Construction of the present-day St. Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican
may have begun around 1770 AD, not “around 1500 AD.” The building was
probably not completed until around 1800. – And it was only at the end of
the 18th century that we can be certain that the popes resided in Rome on
the Tiber.
291.
Incidentally, but importantly, the origin of the name Vatican is worth
mentioning: VATEM with the adjective VATICANUS means seer, soothsayer.
Below St. Peter’s Basilica, there was a Mithraeum in ancient times,
a cult site of Mithras. The Pope, the Bishop of Rome, originally derived
his prestige from fortune-telling. – Even today, as a symbol of his
dignity, he wears the tiara of a Mithras priest.
292.
Ancient Rome today is a baroque city with ancient and medieval elements.
For example, the so-called Aurelian Walls date from the Romanesque,
post-antique period. It is otherwise inexplicable that even ancient
structures like the Pyramid of Cestius and the Castrense
Amphitheatre were incorporated into the city walls. – It is said that
Renaissance artists like Michelangelo and Raffael created several
gates in these fortifications.
293.
There are valid objections to the "ancient" origin of the aforementioned
Colosseum: In a Roman city, the amphitheater was always located on the
periphery, never in the center. The Colosseum in Rome is an unfinished
structure—just like the Olympian Zeus in Athens. And we can forget about
Emperor Vespasian or Titus as its builder.
294. In
Rome, there is a tall, two-tiered medieval tower, the so-called Torre
delle Milizie or Torre di Nerone. This structure displays elements
from Mesopotamia. Not far from the Torre delle Milizie stands the Torre
dei Conti. These two towers, together with the Colosseum,
represent the real-life model for Pieter Bruegel's painting, The
Tower of Babel. The Flemish painter worked in Rome. One can assume
that the author of Genesis also used the aforementioned Roman structures
as inspiration for his parable of human hybris.
295. Like
architectural history, art history is a central argument for the critique
of history and chronology. The old artworks on wood, canvas, and paper
must be dated to the beginning of written culture, that is, from the 1760s
onward. – This has already been stated.
296. An
Albrecht Dürer – note his initials AD for Anno Domini – could only
have been active once the dates (e.g., "1500 AD") that he placed under his
works were known. – And the German artist also drew modern fortifications
with bastions. These emerged in the 1760s with gunpowder and cannons.
297. The
other Renaissance artists cannot be older. – The Golden Age of Flemish
and Dutch painting should be placed in the 1770s and 1780s, not a
century earlier. – The famous painter Vermeer used a camera
obscura, an optical instrument that was only then emerging, for his
painting "View of Delft."
298. The
same applies to artistic techniques as to architecture: paints had
to be invented first, as did paper and canvas. – And such artworks do not
last indefinitely. They are more recent than claimed.
299.
Painting and the other visual arts were part of the invention of history.
– Fomenko remarks on the famous statue of Augustus from Primaporta,
discovered in 1863: it presupposes the chronology and historical narrative
of Justus Scaliger, and therefore could only have been created in the late
18th century. – The same applies to the aforementioned Laocoon
sculpture.
300. It
was only in the 19th century that history painting developed as an
independent branch. I will mention here only the German painter Adolph
Menzel. Around 1850, he created several paintings that shaped the
image of the Prussian King Frederick the Great more than the written
accounts. Particularly noteworthy are: "Frederick the Great at the Battle
of Hochkirch" and "Frederick the Great's Flute Concert at Sanssouci." –
The figure of that Prussian ruler was thus only fully developed after
1815; art could only illustrate this figure after that time.
301. In
the invented history, we recognize parallels between rulers from
supposedly completely different eras. The differences in time were created
retrospectively.
302. The
Roman Emperor Septimius Severus died in Eburacum, later
York; the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf of Habsburg in Speyer. –
But EBURACUM = PRC > PRS reveals PERSIA just as SPEYER = SPR > PRS.
– And both rulers are credited with an equally long reign of 18 years.
Moreover, both emperors had a strict character: Severus = strict,
came from the Carthaginian dynasty = punire = to punish.
303. It is
no wonder that the portraits and statues of the Roman ruler Pompey look
the same as those of Emperor Diocletian. – Their biographies share the
same source. – Nor is one surprised by the bulging eyes of Constantine
the Great and his successors: The victorious Christ opens people's
eyes!
304.
One can even find parallel structures between Rome and Constantinople:
The Pantheon corresponds to the Hagia Sophia. – The statues of Trajan and
Marcus Aurelius in the city on the Tiber have their counterparts in the
statue of Arcadius and the Gothic Column in the city on the Golden Horn. –
And the Colosseum or the Circus Maximus in Rome can be found in the
Eastern Roman Empire as the Hippodrome.
305.
Ancient art and architecture are a problematic matter from a chronological
perspective. Newer works can be older, and vice versa. We have seen
this with the "Greek" temples in southern Italy and Sicily.
306.
Medieval art and architecture are most accurately viewed - if one
disregards the exaggerated dating. A Gothic cathedral has a clear building
program and a fixed timeframe. What is inaccurate about it is its history
of origin and the construction period.
307.
The Gothic cathedrals of northern France, such as those of Amiens,
Beauvais, Chartres, Reims, and Notre-Dame in Paris, were built within
years, not decades. They should be placed in the mid-18th century, not
"around 1200 AD," as academic art history tells us. And the northern
French cathedrals demonstrate what various critics rightly describe as
the gigantism of Gothic architecture.
308.
The German cathedrals date from the same period, not "200 years" after
the French buildings. Incidentally, Cologne Cathedral was not completed
until the 19th century: A photograph from 1855 shows it under
construction. - But at the same time, it is brazenly claimed that the
church in Cologne was founded "in the 13th century AD."
309. It
should also be noted: A cathedral costs millions every year for
maintenance and renovation. - If a fire occurs, as at Notre Dame in
Paris in 2019, the costs become astronomical. - Since when have we
been able to afford the upkeep of such expensive buildings? - And back to
the aforementioned cathedral in Paris: When it burned, all the media spoke
of an 800-year-old structure! - Does everyone except me
really believe this fantastic construction date?
310. An
important chronological characteristic of Gothic architecture is
this: These buildings are silent, without written records. No
documents, plans, or calculations have survived. The clear conclusion
is that literary history was invented at the end of the Gothic period. The
Baroque and Classicism left the Gothic = barbaric times behind and
dedicated themselves to a new era with writing and numbers.
311. The
modern liturgical and linguas
francas were created during the Renaissance. Early chronicles mention
the laying of the foundation stones of Gothic cathedrals. Therefore,
written culture must have begun at the end of the Gothic period.
312. The
"classical" liturgical languages Greek, Latin, and Hebrew
originated at the same time. They are related to one another and reveal in
detail that they originated at the same time. European predecessor
languages are unknown. Latin inscriptions are known, but no linguistic
works.
313.
Hebrew must have originated in southwestern Germany or Helvetia - at
the same time as German. However, there was an indeterminate predecessor
language that spread as far as Anatolia and Mesopotamia and contains
Hebrew, German, and Yiddish elements.
314.
The supposedly ancient languages of Asia Minor and Mesopotamia,
namely Hittite and Akkadian, show us familiar words. For example,
in Hittite, soup is called ZUPPA, and pottery is called TEPPU. - In
Akkadian, vegetables are called GEMISCH, making is called MAACHEN, and
Saturday is called SHABTA (= Sabbath).
315.
Whether there really was an ancient Egyptian language with hieroglyphs is
more than doubtful. - The ancient land on the Nile shows many French
influences. - We will return to this.
316. The
documents that were stored in libraries and archives necessitated further
cultural achievements: First, practical writing materials had to be
produced, namely parchment, papyrus, and especially paper. And without ink
and printer's ink, there are neither manuscripts nor printed books.
317. The
originators of ancient and medieval literature often betray themselves
through anachronisms. For example, according to historical and
chronological criticism, books could not have existed until the second
half of the 18th century. Yet, in the famous "High Medieval" funeral poem
Dies irae, a book is cheerfully referred to (liber scriptus
proferetur).
318. Let
us not forget: The modern practice of naming citizens with first and
last names was also only possible with the advent of written culture.
Within months, every citizen had to adopt a family name in addition to a
first name: from farmer and shepherd to steward and miller to shoemaker
and cobbler.
319. It is
hard to believe how most people rely on names and dates in prehistory.
Every student and every author recites names and first names, along with
birth and death dates from distant times, as if everything were carved in
stone or engraved in metal. Therefore, let me reiterate: Before the
early 19th century, all dates are uncertain or entirely fabricated.
Neither Rousseau nor Voltaire, neither Lessing nor Schiller, nor even
crowned heads, provide us with precise information about their lives.
320. At
the same time, the four-digit Arabic numeral system used today was
introduced. This is the only system of dating, and it could not have
existed before written records. How, then, are we to date events in the
past?
321.
Another consequence of the newly established written culture and the newly
created languages is often overlooked: At the same time, modern
nationalities emerged, along with fixed religious creeds. Thus, a
political and religious national consciousness arose, with its disastrous
consequences. We know the saying by Franz Grillparzer: The path to
the abyss leads from humanity, via nationality, to bestiality.
322. The
history of the early period—up to the end of the 18th century—is symbolic
history or historical literature; the dates are symbolic.
323.
The entire “ancient” and “medieval” written tradition of the early period
originated in Western Europe, primarily in Italy, Spain, Germany,
England, and France. Eastern Europe and the Orient followed later.
324.
The Church Fathers, in particular, constituted a body of literature
that, in a very short time, produced an impressive number of authors with
works both short and long. The French cleric Migne published a
complete collection of the Latin and Greek Patrists in the mid-19th
century. His Patrologia latina comprises 217 volumes; the
Patrologia graeca still contains 161 volumes. This amounts to
approximately 400 volumes of Christian devotional literature, produced in
just a few decades.
325.
The writings of the Eastern Roman Church Father Basil of Caesarea
were printed in Basel - and certainly written there as well,
like those of several other Greek Church Fathers. The editor—and
author—was the literary and editorial genius Erasmus of Rotterdam.
His collected works comprise 81 (!) volumes. Many authors must have been
involved.
326.
Basil the Great already appears in the Bible. There, it is the prophet
Jonah who, as is well known, is swallowed by a whale but spat out
again a short time later. Basil's biography tells, in short, the same
story: The future Church Father is condemned to death by Emperor Valens in
the Eastern Roman Empire, but is freed by a miraculous turn of events and
is able to continue living.
327.
The great reformers usually had equally capable successors. The
aforementioned Erasmus of Rotterdam, who represents Basil the Great, was
succeeded by John Hussgen, known as Oecolampadius. He represents
the "ancient" Church Father John Chrysostom. – No wonder that the
works of that saint were edited, or rather, written, by Oecolampadius.
– And by the way: Oecolampadius is said to mean "house-appearance." In
reality, it means "century of the (Church) Father." – Basel gathered
the most important patrists!
328. The
Catholic Church Father Thomas Aquinas, called the angelic scholar,
left behind a theology in fifty volumes. – Aquinas is said to have lived
"in the 13th century" and to have been just under fifty years old. –
How could a monk in such a distant time have written so many works in such
a short time? – And Thomas Aquinas was canonized as early as "1323"!
329.
Inscriptions have been diligently collected since the 19th century: The
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL) now contains 180,000 entries in 17
volumes. – And for 200 years, there has been the Monumenta Germaniae
Historica (MGH), as the name suggests: a monumental edition of all
kinds of medieval German and Italian sources. In the narrower field alone,
some 500 (!) volumes have been published so far. – The German Middle
Ages are a terrifying paper monster!
30. In my
youth, I once read the three-volume work on the City of God (De
civitate dei) by the Church Father Augustine. – The only thing that
has stayed with me is the sheer volume of biblical quotations found there.
Every earthquake, every landslide, every celestial phenomenon is explained
and justified by a torrent of quotations from Holy Scripture.
331.
The supposedly ancient tradition must have been created in a short time,
within one or two generations. This was already recognized by the
aforementioned Robert Baldauf. The many parallel passages in the
Old and New Testaments demonstrate the rapid formation of the collection
of writings. The distinction between old and new is therefore irrelevant.
332.
One example of parallel passages in the Bible suffices: In the Book of
Samuel, the judge says to Saul: “The Lord is tearing the kingdom of
Israel away from you today and is giving it to another who is better than
you” (1 Samuel 15:28). In the Gospel of Mark, John the Baptist—a
parallel to Saul—expresses something similar at the end of his ministry:
“After me comes one who is mightier than I, the strap of whose sandals
I am not worthy to stoop down and untie” (Mark 1:7).
333. The
first printed chronicles, such as those by Hartmann Schedel and
Sebastian Münster, already knew the biblical narratives and the most
important "ancient" writers like Virgil, Ovid, and Horace. This proves
they belonged to the same era. And the illustrations inserted in these
chronicles reveal a culture at the end of the Gothic period.
334.
The ancient authors did not write under their real names; they used
pseudonyms. One could write a book about the false names of so-called
ancient authors. As examples, consider a few "ancient" historians:
Sallustius Crispus translates as "heavenly Christ"; Suetonius
reveals "Saint Anthony." And Tacitus, literally meaning "the silent
one," reveals "saint senator."
335.
Several ancient writers adopted both an ancient and a medieval identity.
For example, in 13th-century England, there was a monk who called himself
Roger Bacon. He predicted technological innovations such as
submarines. - But "in the 17th century," a Francis Bacon wrote
about similar future events as his medieval predecessor.
336. This
Francis Bacon, called Count Verulam, deserves special
consideration. He was not only a philosopher who demanded perception as
the basis of knowledge. Since the 19th century, it has been speculated
that Bacon wrote the works of Shakespeare. – The poet
Christopher Marlowe is also mentioned as a possible author. However,
his name, read backward, reveals Count Verulam, with whom Francis
Bacon adorned himself. – But why look for a single author of
Shakespeare? The latest considerations speak of a group who wrote the
famous poet. Group theory must be assumed in the case of many
ancient scholars and writers.
337. The
ancient architect Vitruvius is a parallel figure to the Renaissance
architect Leon Battista Alberti. – In antiquity, a Eusebius
Caesar wrote a church history. – In the Italian Renaissance, it was
a Cesare Baronio.
338.
The humanist Petrarch is identical to the ancient Plutarch: their
names mean the same thing, both came from Boeotia or Belgium,
respectively, and both wrote parallel biographies, for example, of Cicero
and Demosthenes and of Alexander and Julius Caesar.
339.
Petrarch is said to have searched all over Europe for Cicero
manuscripts. In the Belgian city of Liège, the humanist supposedly
discovered a lost Cicero text in a pawnshop (!). Since when do pawnbrokers
lend money for manuscripts by unknown authors?
340. The
well-known episode tells of Petrarch climbing the 1,900-meter-high
Mont Ventoux in Provence in 1336, carrying Augustine's "Confessions"
in his pocket. This story, set in the late Middle Ages, belongs to the Age
of Enlightenment: a new appreciation of nature and the mountains was
taking hold. Rousseau admired the beauty of Lake Biel in
Switzerland, and Albrecht von Haller wrote his famous poem
"The Alps." A striking number of chroniclers mention in their
biographies that they crossed the Alps in their youth
-
certainly under the influence of Rousseau, Haller, and Petrarch.
341.
Petrarch's veneration for the aforementioned autobiographical
Confessions suggests one thing: the work was certainly not written
by the author of Augustine's writings. If not by Petrarch himself, then by
an Enlightenment thinker.
342.
The parallel biographies of Plutarch and Petrarch were immensely popular.
They served as the basis for other pseudohistorical figures. From the
story of the revolution of the two Gracchi in the Roman Republic,
for example, the martyr figure of Cola di Rienzo Gabrini was
created, a social revolutionary in medieval Rome "around 1350."
343.
Nineteenth-century art and literature dealt with the subject of Cola di
Rienzo: Edward Bulwer-Lytton wrote a three-volume novel,
"Rienzi." William Holman Hunt created a painting, and
Richard Wagner an opera, both bearing this title.
344.
Old Bern in the 1790s also made use of the Rienzo story. To deter its
subjects from an uprising in the wake of the French Revolution, the
aristocracy invented the story of a conspiracy against the government. The
leader in this Rienzo variant was named Henzi = Rienzi and was
supposedly a librarian (!). – How could a simple clerk unleash a
revolution? – Even Lessing is said to have attempted a drama about
Henzi. – But the encyclopedia claims that the aforementioned German poet
died as early as 1788! – Time periods were still fluid back then.
345. The
humanist Poggio Bracciolini supposedly discovered texts by
Lucretius, Tacitus, and Ammianus Marcellinus in the Abbey of St. Gall. –
He certainly wrote some works by these ancient authors. – In addition,
Poggio invented typefaces such as the Capitalis and the Uncial.
These were then used for the production of “ancient” manuscripts. – It's
unbelievable that this humanist is placed in a mythical “15th century.”
346. In
Milan, there was a humanist and rhetorician named Gasparino Barzizza.
He was particularly interested in Seneca, Virgil, and Cicero. Barzizza
advocated a letter-writing style modeled on Cicero's speeches. – He
must have written several works by the ancient author. – The humanist's
name itself points to this: Bar-ZIZZA = CC(RM) = CICERONEM, Cicero.
347.
Gasparino Barzizza's son wrote the first commentary on Dante's Commedia. –
But the divine Dante was written only after 1800. – Father and son belong
to the late 18th century – and even later. – We will return to this
48.
Several modern writers had an alter ego in antiquity. We have already
pointed this out. – For example, the famous Erasmus of Rotterdam
wrote A Praise of Folly. The book strongly resembles the
ancient author Lucian of Samosata, who dealt with human weaknesses.
And who was the editor of that satirical writer's works? Correct: Erasmus
in Basel. – Furthermore, the supposedly Syrian place Samosata means
“holy satire” in Latin: name and premonition (nomen atque omen)!
349. Since
the 19th century, the classic fables of Jean de La Fontaine have
even been part of the curriculum in French schools. And everyone knows and
says it: La Fontaine's fables are based on those of the Greek poet
Aesop. So, once again: The modern age created the literature of
Greco-Roman antiquity.
350.
The invention, falsification, or fictionalization of history had several
motives: The end of the "Roman era" meant a brief regression in
civilization. Following this decline, a new era immediately began. It
created a new culture with revolutionary technological inventions such as
ocean-going navigation, the mirror, the compass, printing, and gunpowder.
351. The
"Roman" author Flavius Josephus writes that in those new times,
the lands beyond the Great Ocean were also explored. Here he is alluding
to the discovery of the Americas.
352. The
"late Roman" author Ammianus Marcellinus speaks favorably of the
former Roman city of Aventicum in western Switzerland in his
historical work. He states that one can see remnants of several buildings
there, which recall the city's former glory. – The remains of a theater,
an amphitheater, and an upright column of a temple have always remained
visible in Aventicum. – Marcellinus reveals himself with these statements
as a Renaissance historian; he writes from the aftermath.
353. The
new era initially lacked a history defined in terms of content and time.
To create one, the Great Campaign of Literary History Invention was
set in motion. And the fabrication of invented sources did not end with
the beginning of true history, but continued well into the 19th century.
354.
The falsification of history aimed to provide a newly created culture with
a past. – Originally, all ancient history existed on a single
chronological plane – as already mentioned. The dating, the chronology,
was added later. This explains, for example, why Petrarch wrote a
letter to Titus Livius. Only later was Titus Livius placed in the time
"around the birth of Christ" and Petrarch in the "15th century AD".
355.
The first wave of literature appeared exclusively in printed books.
Printing was the technological revolution that made written culture
possible. Even today's spoken languages and the so-called classical
languages owe their development to this new technology.
356.
Various systems of reckoning time emerged. Initially, people reckoned with
world ages and different eras. But only the Christian system of
reckoning prevailed. This system likely included the number 1000 from
the beginning, but only three digits were written, preceded by a hook or a
lowercase or uppercase i or j. It can be assumed that this letter
represented Jesus—perhaps also year. Soon after, dating using four Arabic
numerals came into use.
357.
The Christian system of reckoning was based on the birth of the Son of
God. But which one, and when? Besides Jesus, there were other,
equally important figures of salvation. Fomenko has named them. Basil
the Great and the High Medieval monk Hildebrand, also known as
Pope Gregory VII, are particularly noteworthy.
358. The
last-mentioned figure deserves special mention. Even his name is
surprising: What was a German doing in Italy? – But as with the other
names, there is a concept behind them: HILDEBRAND = HL/TPRMTM >
(holy) TEMPERAMENTUM. – Rightly, this fiery, fanatical monk and reformer
was called the Holy Satan or the Black Pope. – As Savior, he lived for 33
years twice, that is, 66 years (1020–1086).
359.
Perhaps the original calendar meant the year 1 + 1000 and referred to the
aforementioned medieval reformer Hildebrand. But soon a millennium was
added. Thus, the now common system of dating, with two millennia after the
birth of Christ, came into being.
360. But
what about the history before the year 1? – Soon, a distinction had to be
made between before and after Christ, or ante Christum (AC) and anno
Domini (AD).
361. One
might wonder why the numbering of years didn't simply begin with the
year one. As is well known, the French Revolution did so, and later
Italian Fascism.
362. I see
the reason here: A four-digit system of timekeeping offered much more
room for numerical games, for number symbolism. Not only is the
historical record of the early period, up to 1789, 1800, and 1815,
fabricated. All the years in ancient history are symbolic numbers; they do
not represent precise dates.
363. Why,
for example, did Hippocrates—whose name means "plague healer"—die
in 377 BC? Well, 77 reveals the number 11, associated with Jesus,
seven times over. As is well known, antiquity was very Christian even
before Christ.
364. The
science that still believes in the numerical framework of ancient history
is making a colossal error. The dates and the content of ancient
history are essentially worthless. Conventional historians may rebel,
but invented history and periods remain what they are.
365.
Written culture arose almost explosively. One must imagine that in a
particular year, nothing in writing existed. But twelve months later,
there were already many books; soon after, libraries and archives as well.
After just a few decades, a rich written tradition existed. The whole
thing became complicated. That is why ancient history is a jumble of
content and numbers.
366.
The written tradition of the early period was religiously influenced.
Belief in God stood behind every work. The names and the words reveal the
total determination of the early culture by religion. We have already
given many examples.
367. In
the original understanding, the birth, the incarnation of Christ, in Latin
Christum natum, was the greatest, the most important
historical event. The concept is contained in the geographical names
Carnuntum, Corinth, Granada, and Canada. The Latin word
CARNEM for flesh also reveals the same origin.
368. The
great Christian event is to be taken literally: Great is in Latin
GRANDIM, grandis. In this adjective, too, one recognizes the
birth of Christ.
369.
The Greek and Roman writers are not ancient, but Christian, just like the
medieval and modern works. – And time and again, one observes how even
the names themselves point to the content and meaning.
370.
The name Augustus is exemplary. It conceals a concept.
AUGUSTUM = CSTM > CST(R)M means CASTRUM, that is, castle,
fortress. – The emperor had a fortress-like rotunda in Rome, the Castel
Sant'Angelo – next to the round temple of the Pantheon. These
are to be seen as symbols of every Roman ruler. – And Augustine?
The Church Father died in the castle or fortress of Hippo Regius, which
was besieged by the Vandals.
371. On
this occasion, we must also mention Martin Luther. He was an
Augustinian monk. It is therefore not surprising that Luther spent the
decisive years of his life in a fortress, namely the Wartburg near
Eisenach. – Hence the well-known Protestant hymn: “A Mighty Fortress
Is Our God.”
372.
Regarding Martin Luther, an addition: He is said to have died in
1546 at the age of 62 – the same age as the Roman orator Cicero. However,
hardly anything was heard of him in the last twenty years of his life.
Even fictional figures are often only famous as long as they are used in
the construction of history.
373. Then
let us mention the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio. In 202
BC, at the age of 33 (!), he finally defeated the Carthaginians.
Scipio, however, can be deciphered as "holy cap"—an attribute of a priest.
And Publius means papal, Cornelius Christian. This general
was therefore a Christian, a papal leader, who accomplished his greatest
heroic deed at the age of 33, the age of Jesus.
374.
History presented human events within a religious framework. It sought
to portray God's work above human actions. And the numbers were religious
ciphers, just like the names, whether personal, place, or country names.
375.
The old books all had incorrect printing dates - sometimes none at all.
The dates begin around 1460 and extend to the first half of the 18th
century. - The first edition of Julius Caesar's works, for example, is
said to have appeared in Paris in 1469. - The infamous "Malleus
Maleficarum" (Hammer of Witches), which fueled the later witch craze,
bears a printing date of 1486. - Homer was supposedly first printed in
Florence in 1488. - The first printed edition of Augustine's writings was
published by Erasmus of Rotterdam in Basel in 1506. - Books with false,
backdated printing dates were still being published in large numbers in
the first half of the 19th century.
376.
Printed works could certainly deceive us by decades or a few centuries.
But they couldn't be used to assert a thousand- or two-thousand-year-old
written tradition. So, about a generation after the invention of printing,
people began producing manuscripts and adding them to libraries and
archives. The sole purpose of these manuscripts was to assert the
existence of a written tradition before printing. - An unimaginable amount
of effort was expended to achieve this. Some biblical writings and works
by Church Fathers soon had dozens or even hundreds of manuscripts.
377.
Paper was invented at the same time as printing. Therefore,
manuscripts were preferably written on expensive parchment, and
only rarely on papyrus, which was equally difficult to obtain.
378.
The manuscripts were intended to give the impression that they had been
created before printing. In reality, the manuscripts were copied from
printed books. The abundance of ancient and medieval manuscripts and their
study have provided historians and philologists with an inexhaustible
field of activity for over two centuries. But the effort is in vain:
the manuscripts were created for their own sake and have no historical or
literary significance.
379. No
expense was spared to feign the great age of a handwritten work. Many
codices must have cost a fortune.
380.
Illustrated manuscripts with miniatures were also produced in great
numbers. Even today, the reason and critical thinking of official
scholarship and the public fail when faced with such books. They are still
believed to have originated in a distant Middle Ages. Most of these
illustrated manuscripts were created around or after 1800. A few examples
of supposedly medieval illustrated manuscripts will have to suffice.
381.
The library of the former Abbey of St. Gall in Switzerland, for
example, thrives on the allure of its approximately two thousand
manuscripts, some of which are said to be 1200 years old. This collection
was recently honored with the designation of UNESCO World Heritage Site.
However, most of the St. Gall manuscripts are at most as old as the
library building in which they are housed, namely the Baroque period.
382.
Around 1980, the Gospel Book of Henry the Lion, illustrated with
miniatures and supposedly created "around 1180," was acquired by the then
Federal Republic of Germany for a staggering 30 million marks (!). Belief
determines the price, not the object itself.
383.
Numerous complete handwritten Bibles were also produced. The Turon
Bibles, produced in Tours, are a well-known example. Each of these
tomes weighs 20 (!) kilos. - What were they made for? - They were not
suitable for liturgical use.
384. The
so-called Codex Amiatinus takes the cake, an allegedly
thousand-year-old complete Bible, presumably originating in Tuscany. The
manuscript consists of 1040 parchment pages and weighs an unbelievable 35
kilograms (!). The motive for producing such a useless book monstrosity
can only have been baroque ostentation and a thirst for fame.
385.
Similar and sometimes hair-raising legends about the origin of all these
manuscripts are told: The manuscripts are placed in fantastically
distant times. But they were discovered no earlier than the end of the
Middle Ages or during the Renaissance—according to the new chronological
view, therefore, no earlier than the end of the 18th century.
386. In
their diligence, the producers of manuscripts by biblical, classical, and
medieval authors forgot a few basic things. First: Who bothers to
decipher a manuscript when the same text can be read effortlessly in
print? - It is also important to know: A manuscript is ruined,
unusable, even after a single copy. – And last but not least: Anyone
who manages to copy a few pages of a Latin, Greek, or Hebrew text without
errors is a genius.
387.
The stories of manuscript discoveries are ludicrous. For example,
the Bible from Moutier-Grandval in the Swiss Jura is said to have been
discovered after 1800 in the attic (!) of a house in that town. – A Middle
High German poem by Konrad von Würzburg was supposedly discovered
"around 1750" in a chest (!) in the Allgäu region. – And the
aforementioned Gospel Book of Henry the Lion is said to have become
famous when it received a new binding (!) in Prague "in 1594."
388. The
misconception that manuscripts are older than printed works still
persists. This exposes the shortcomings of the entire field of classical
studies, from antiquity and the Middle Ages to the modern era: it
primarily considers manuscripts, not printed works.
389. When
I arrived at this insight through archival and library research, I was
quite astonished: I came across important books from the early days of
printing, some containing highly interesting details that no researcher
has acknowledged or scientifically evaluated in the last two hundred
years. Those scholars only look at manuscripts!
390. Even
today, people search for the oldest text of the Bible or the Gospels
without realizing that it could be found in printed form in many
libraries. However, we will never know which are the oldest printed
Bibles.
391.
Around the middle of the 20th century, the Swiss industrialist Martin
Bodmer, in search of supposedly ancient and ancient manuscripts,
primarily collected papyri, which he easily found in the Middle East for a
good price. The Bodmer Papyri, named after him, are among the
highlights. These include the supposedly oldest manuscript of the Gospel
of John, written "around 200 AD." However, these texts were certainly
written only during Bodmer's collecting period.
392. There
is a particular problem with the Bible, which most researchers tend to
ignore: In which language were the first Bibles printed? Hebrew,
Latin, Greek—or perhaps German?
393.
The Old Testament supposedly existed first in Hebrew or Latin, the New
Testament in Greek. Then the translators came: The Catholic Church Father
Jerome is said to have translated the Hebrew and Greek Bibles into
Latin—allegedly "around 400 AD."
394.
The Jerome Bible only became known and recognized by the Church "in
the 16th century"—that is, 1100 years later. And in that latter century
came the Reformation with its leading figure, Martin Luther. This
reformed Church Father is said to have translated the entire Bible—Hebrew
and Greek—into German. Were Luther and Jerome merely translators, or
were they not, in fact, authors?
395.
The Apostle Paul could also be hiding behind Luther or Jerome.
The "ancient" authors Asinius Pollio, Velleius Paterculus, and Flavius
Josephus are mentioned as other authors of the New Testament. But why
look for specific individuals? For large works, one can assume multiple
authors, entire scriptoria.
396.
The Apostle Paul of Cilicia is said to have suffered martyrdom in Rome
during the reign of Nero "around 65 AD." But in 545 AD – that is, 480
years or 32 indictions later – the defender of Castel Sant'Angelo in Rome
against the Goths was also named Paul of Cilicia. Therefore, not
only Jesus rose from the dead, but also his first follower!
397.
Incidentally: Why did most of the Church Fathers come from the border
regions of the Roman Empire at that time, from North Africa, Asia Minor,
Syria, and Egypt? – Surely because these regions were already under the
control of non-believers when written culture emerged in the late 18th
century. – No one went to foreign lands to inquire whether a particular
person had existed there or not.
398. Let
us take the Church Father Augustine, whom we have already mentioned
several times. He supposedly came from Numidia, present-day
Algeria. – That land was certainly Christian; it reveals NUMEN DEI = the
workings of God. In that land consecrated to God, Augustine was born in
the city of Tagaste. – Analyzing the name, we find
(S)T/AGUST(INUS), that is, Saint Augustine. – The city thus already had
its name before its most famous son was born. And death overtook Augustine
again in Numidia, in the aforementioned city of Hippo Regius,
during the Vandal siege. - HIPPO contains two PPs, meaning PAPA, Pope,
with the addition of royal. - You don't need to read through Augustine's
writings to grasp its papal and royal significance.
399. Not
only most of the Church Fathers, but also almost all Greek philosophers,
like the aforementioned Pre-Socratics, are said to have come from foreign
lands, from Calabria and Ionia in western Anatolia. Why? Well, as
Christian thinkers, they had to come from a Holy Land. Calabria is
one, but so is Ionia. The latter name contains the Hebrew word Yahweh,
meaning God.
400. Let's
not forget the great patriarch, Moses. He, too, came from a border
region of the Roman Empire. The name can be completed to (R)MS. This
brings us to Pharaoh Ramses and Rome. - All three major religions venerate
Moses as their patriarch.
401. It is
often observed that the most important action is contained within a name:
The Greek philosopher Socrates famously had to drink the hemlock, thus
committing suicide. – For those who don't know: Socrates contains
krater, which means poison cup. – And CRATERUM also alludes
to Christ.
402. The
poet Seneca has already been mentioned. – If one knows that SE
NECARE is Latin for "to kill oneself," one understands his suicide. –
It is only puzzling that a North American Indian tribe also received the
name Seneca.
403. The
Roman Emperor Caracalla was murdered by his Prefect of the Guard,
Macrinus. – With what? – You can guess if you know that MUCRONEM
means dagger in Latin. – And CARACALLA, from a name-analytical
perspective, means Caesar of Gaul. The ruler's birthplace was Lyon.
404.
Caracalla had a brother named Geta, meaning "the Goth." A
dispute arose between them. Geta was defeated by Caracalla. – In the
Middle Ages, a similar conflict occurred: The German Emperor Albrecht I
was murdered by his uncle Johannes near Brugg in Aargau. – If you don't
know his fate, the name itself tells you: ALBRECHT (LPRCTM) means
parricidam in Latin, meaning "nephew-killer."
405.
Emperor Decius fought in the Balkans against a barbarian people
under a leader named Ostrogotha (!). – How could an Ostrogothic
king have any other name? – And Decius also persecuted Christians
during his short reign. Why? Because his name has the same root as that of
the great persecutor of Christians, Diocletian – originally called
Diocles = Dec(l)ius.
406. In
late Roman times, there was a rival king in Gaul named Trebonianus
Gallus. – In French, the name is rendered as (un) très bon Gaulois
= a very good Gaul. – Another Gallic king of that time was called
Trebellianus = très bel. – He must have been a truly handsome man!
407. In
ancient Bohemia, there was supposedly a people called the Marcomanni. They
had a king named Ballomar. – But the name is Spanish and means
"dovecote"! – Surely a Spaniard wrote that part of the story.
408. In
his work on the Gallic Wars, Julius Caesar mentions a number of
local princely names. Some of these are of grotesque length. Among those
listed are Cassivelaunus, Vercassivelaunus, Catamantaloedes,
Conconnetodumnus, and Convictolitavis. Does anyone believe these
princes with their tongue-twisting names actually existed?
409.
The king in the Nibelung saga—the Neapolitans on the Rhine near
Worms—is called Gunther. He must have had this name because
he is from the people of the Bur-Gunder.
410. We
know the Apostle Paul. He wrote to various cities, including the
Colossians. A colossal deception! Behind it were the people of the
Belgian and later French port city of Calais. Other addressees also
betray Gaul: the letter to the Galatians—Gauls—and the one
to the Corinthians—the Charente region in the
southwest of the country.
411.
The Gardens of Semiramis in Babylon are also among the ancient wonders
of the world. - But Babylon is either Rome or Avignon. Here it is
the city in Provence. - The gardens of the papal palace in Avignon
were famous because they were built over a cliff edge overlooking the
Rhône: The gardens hung over the rock, they were suspended. - Then there
is Queen Semiramis, SEMIRAMIDEM: The name is deciphered as the
Latin SANCTAM MARIAM MATREM = Holy Mother Mary.
412. And
what about the legendary Queen of Sheba? The name comes from the
story of the Hohenstaufen King Frederick II and his wife ISABELLA.
413. We
return once more to the false claims about Renaissance authors: As
already mentioned, they were the originators and authors, not the
translators and editors of the ancient texts. This is also noticed by
conventional scholars. They therefore often speak of the "rereading of
ancient writers." However, the time interval between "reading" and
"rereading" of a thousand or fifteen hundred years is very generously
estimated! These enormous spans of time can be disregarded.
414. In
art and literature, the supposedly older enjoys higher prestige than the
newer. Thus, fictitious older artificial languages were created
from the newly invented new and old languages. Middle High German, Old
High German, and Old French were invented. In Germany, a
Gothic language was even invented, and a few fragments of the New
Testament were translated with it.
415. In
France, Homeric Greek was created, supposedly originating in Asia
Minor "before the middle of the first millennium BC." - But behind the
legendary Homer hides the Count of Saint Omer, a minstrel from
northern France who wrote poetry in medieval Greece. - Another author
mentioned is an abbot of the monastery of Saint Maure.
416.
Homer is said to have written poetry "around 700 BC in Asia Minor." -
The next poets to record the Trojan saga were Dictys and Dares,
sometime during the Roman Empire. - Yet the two Latin names are already
mentioned in the Homeric text. - Did Homer perhaps possess a clairvoyant
gift?
417. The
most important texts of the Old High German language, the
Muspilli, the Gospel Harmony, and the Heliand,
were published—and certainly also written—by the Bavarian linguist
Johann Andreas Schmeller in the 1830s and 1840s. - The Latin Carmina
Burana also originate from him.
418.
The Brothers Grimm did not only collect fairy tales in Germany. They
also published, for example, the Hildebrandslied, a
supposedly over thousand-year-old heroic epic that delights all
Germanists. The work cannot be older than the Brothers Grimm
419. With
newly created, supposedly ancient languages, a corresponding literature
was also created: Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, Dante Alighieri's
Divine Comedy, the Middle High German poems of Walther von
der Vogelweide and Manesse, and also the dramas of Shakespeare, the
"spear-shaker," are to be seen as creations of developed written culture.
The works only feign an ancient literary tradition.
420.
Sometimes the analysis of a detail in the fictional biography of an
ancient author leads to the true author. Dante Alighieri is said to
have composed a homage to the German Emperor Henry VII on April 16, 1311.
Didn't the great poet from Florence actually mean Napoleon, who
reached his apogee in 1811? My assumption was correct: Around that
same year, the Italian poet Ugo Foscolo, a fervent admirer of
Napoleon, wrote an Orazione a Buonaparte! – And that writer is
the author of Dante's work!
421.
The biographical parallels between Dante and Napoleon are astonishing,
despite a 500-year gap: The Italian poet is said to have been born in
the 1260s – the Corsican emperor in the 1760s. Dante died in exile in
1321, Napoleon in 1821, also in exile. And these parallel dates were
created by the aforementioned Ugo Foscolo. He, like Dante, died in
exile – though not in Ravenna, but in England.
422. In
Dante's Divine Comedy, the gruesome starvation death of a respected
nobleman named UGO-lino della Gheradesca from Tuscany is described
as a significant detail. Behind this name is the alter ego of Ugo
Foscolo.
423.
Dante is therefore by no means a poet of the late Middle Ages, but a
creation of the newly emerging national Italian culture of the early 19th
century.
424.
The reception of Dante, therefore, only began around 1820. In 1822,
Eugène Delacroix created his painting Dante and Virgil.
In the 1860s, Gustave Doré illustrated the Commedia with woodcuts.
Sandro Botticelli produced many drawings for Dante's major work.
Thus, this Renaissance artist belongs to the early 19th century. The same
applies to the numerous Dante manuscripts: the latter period produced
them.
425. If
one carefully examines what art history says about Sandro
Botticelli, his erroneous dating to the late Middle Ages resolves
itself. It is said that his female figures, for example in the famous
painting "The Birth of Venus," with their rich golden hair and
slender figures and limbs, as well as their pale and melancholy faces,
clearly indicate the recently ended Gothic period. When, then, did that
"medieval" style end? Around 1500, or rather around 1800? – Incidentally,
the fresco painter Giotto di Bondone is even placed in the period around
1300. Unbelievable!
426. Just
like Dante, Botticelli, and Giotto, the Renaissance author Lorenzo
Valla is placed in an absurdly early period, namely “the first half of
the 15th century.” In his short life, he accomplished feats that were only
realistically possible around 1800: Valla translated Thucydides’
Peloponnesian War into Latin, and he was already criticizing Scholasticism
and Aristotle. Moreover, with his objections to an alleged donation by
Constantine the Great to the Roman Church, he was even an early critic of
historical documents.
427.
Petrarch, Valla, Poggio Bracciolini, Giotto, Botticelli, Dante, and
many medieval and modern artists and poets lead to a conclusion rather
than a suspicion: Renaissance culture in Italy lasted until the early
19th century. – Or, to put it another way: Renaissance and Baroque
painting perhaps spanned fifty years instead of the claimed five hundred.
428. I
have studied place names in detail. The conclusion is that they
cannot be older than written culture. The place names are all recent
- no older than the Renaissance. Here are just a few examples from Greece.
Attica stands for Latakia, which is short for La Catalonia.
Megara means Greater Aragon. Athens was the capital
of the Latins: La Tine = (La) Athine. Did Pericles or Themistocles
speak Latin, Greek, or perhaps Catalan? - Furthermore, early Christianity
mentions a council or synod of Laodicea in Phrygia. But Laodiceam >
LTCM again means Attica.
429.
The names around Constantinople are French: The city itself was called
Byzantium. The topography reminded the French city of Besançon
in the Free County (Franche Comté). This city, like Istanbul, is
surrounded by water on three sides. - The name Bosporus translates
as: (on) passe par = one crosses (the strait). - A hero named
Dardanus named the Dardanelles. - But the sea inlet near
Bordeaux is called the Dordo(g)ne.
430. Near
Constantinople, in Bithynia (Béthune) in northern France, the first two
Christian councils took place: Nicaea and Chalcedon. - The first
council was presided over by Constantine the Great, who helped
Christianity achieve victory (Greek: NIKE). - The second
council's significance is evident in its very name: CHALCEDONEM > CAELUM
TESTATUM = "testified by heaven." - Indeed, the orthodox Roman
Catholic faith comes directly from heaven!
431.
The Egyptian pharaohs have transparent names: Ramses stands for
ROMANUS, Roman; Chephren means "chief of Rome" and Cheops
contains French chef = leader and Latin ops or opes, meaning
"all-powerful chief".
432. Other
Egyptian pharaohs also point to Europe through their names: Thutmose
is the late Roman ruler Theodosius the Great, Sethos stands
for the papal name Sixtus, and Amenhotep is a combination of
Amen and Joseph.
433. The
remarkable French expedition to Egypt around 1800 also left its mark in
geographical names: Giza reveals gésir = to rest in the tomb;
the city of Gaza comes from gazon = lawn, as does
Gaza's neighboring city, Pelusium, from pelouse =
lawn.
434.
The insignia of the Pope and bishops are still those of the Amun priests
of ancient Egypt: the mithras, crook, and serpent staff. The Egyptian
Amen has also survived in Europe. – The Egyptian religion was
that of Moses. There, he was called Tutankhamun, son of the sun
god Akhenaten, known from the biblical Psalm 104.
435. Egypt
is said to have undergone a reformation, in which the old gods were
replaced by the new sun god. The same thing happened in the Roman Empire
under Emperor Aurelian: He introduced the cult of the
unconquered sun (Sol Invictus). The sun god's birthday was set for
December 25th. – Christianity is therefore a sun religion. That is
why Christmas, along with Easter, is one of the most
important festivals of that faith.
436.
Historical criticism demonstrates that in ancient historical texts,
Egypt does not refer to the land along the Nile, but rather to a
region in the West in general, more precisely the Western Roman
Empire. – Many details reveal how strong Egyptian influence was in
Rome. – It is not only the Roman obelisks that point to the land along the
Nile.
437.
The Hittites, already mentioned in the Old Testament, are also
connected to the city on the Tiber. This refers to a people north of
Rome. The same applies to the Arameans, Etruscans, Goths, and Huns.
The geographical location of these peoples differs from how it is
presented in history books.
438.
Incidentally: The name Goths is similar to the German words "gut"
(good) and "Gott" (God). It contains the Hebrew "ha'ot," meaning
"the divine sign." And the Goths were specifically associated with the
Asiatic nomadic people of the Alans. This is how historical
invention created the extremely important nation of the Catalans.
439.
The Catalans enjoyed special prestige among the Franks or French. The
Latin name Luteciam (LTCM > CTLM) for Paris contains this nation, as does
Châlons in Champagne. – And the twist in the story: After his
defeat at the Battle of the Catalan Plains in the Frankish kingdom,
Attila is said to have married a woman named Ildico (LTCM),
during whose wedding night (!) he died. – But the name of that bride means
Catalonia!
440. The
name Rome does not necessarily refer to the city on the Tiber. – Likewise,
Jerusalem is not originally to be found in the Near East. – There are
countless places that mean Rome or Jerusalem. – West of Bern, there
was a farmstead called Jerusalem, a village called Bethlehem, and a Jordan
stream.
441.
Palestine goes back to Palaestrina, the ancient Praeneste,
with its famous hilltop sanctuary. The modern landscape of Palestine is
just as hilly as the area east of Rome and has several sacred hills.
442. The
creation of ancient languages that did not previously exist spread as
far east as the Middle East: Old Persian can be dated to the second
half of the 18th century. - Even in Central Asia, Tocharian briefly
existed as a language with Western words.
443. The
supposedly ancient Sanskrit (= holy scripture) in India must have
been created around 1800 or later by Serbian or Bulgarian missionaries.
This constructed language has a Slavic structure - a fact
acknowledged by philologists. - The important terms of Indian religion
bear a striking resemblance to Western European names: Trimurti =
Trinity, Krishna = Christ, Agni = Latin ignis = fire, Brahma
= Priam, Karma = Latin carmen = song, poem, saying—perhaps also
charisma. - The Sanskrit epic Mahabharata (= great war) is the
Indian version of the Trojan War. - And the political treatise
Artashastra contains ideas by the Italian philosopher Machiavelli.
444.
English missionaries in North America, with their knowledge of the
Hebrew Bible, influenced Native American words and names in the second
half of the 18th century: The Huron name derives from the Hebrew
ha'ron, meaning "roar," while Iowa stands for God.
Hawaii translates as "Island of Eve," or "Island of
Paradise." And Aloha, or elohim, is an invocation
of God. - The French also influenced North America. Their
language is behind some Native American names, such as Cheyenne
(Johann) or Dakota (d'à côté, meaning "next door").
445. The
United States of America also created a modest prehistory: At the
beginning of the 18th century, a Native American chief named Hiawatha
is said to have formed a confederation of five, later six, tribes, the
so-called Iroquois Confederacy. What is to be made of this?
Hiawatha contains the Latin vates, meaning "seer." He was
therefore a prophet. - And Iroquois is a hybrid Hebrew-Latin word:
ir is Hebrew for city and quinque is Latin for five: five
tribes or states united in an alliance. - The later USA also
represents a confederation of states.
446. The
chronological regression of history is a first and important point of
reference for the critique of history and chronology: We would be
interested in the events in the age in which they were written, that is,
the 18th century. Instead, we learn a great deal from the falsified
tradition about a legendary Middle Ages and an even more distant
antiquity.
447.
Despite its productivity, the invention of history was unable to fill all
purported periods with content in the same way. Thus, gaps arose, also
called Dark Ages. - The fabricated history book is full of
holes.
448.
The "Middle Ages" essentially represent a thousand-year period of
emptiness. During this time, time did not run forward but backward.
Similar periods of emptiness exist in the ancient Near East. For example,
the vast empire of Sargon of Akkad supposedly formed "around 2300
BC." The name reveals "holy Aragon," and AKKAD = Arcadia
stands for Catalonia.
449. The
medieval Germanic tribes already appear in ancient Mesopotamia: The
aforementioned empire of Sargon of Akkad—in a sense, an early Roman
Empire—was destroyed by an invasion of the foreign people known as the
Gutians, or Goths!
450. At
the beginning of history, a king named Hammurabi ruled in
Mesopotamia. His name can be deciphered as a combination of the Hebrew
word ha'mor for donkey and Rabba, meaning Ravenna.
A law stele from him has survived and can now be found in the
Louvre. The content is reminiscent of Mosaic Law, so it cannot be
older than the Bible. Hammurabi called himself "King of Akkad and Sumer."
This brings us to the Sumerians. However, they have only been known
since 1868. And Sumer means "Holy Mary."
451.
The Old Testament exhibits a large number of connections with the
Babylonian culture of Mesopotamia. Shortly after 1900, the
so-called Babylon-Bible controversy arose among German scholars. It
was claimed that the Jewish religion originated in Babylon. But this is a
matter of perspective: Mesopotamian culture is so close to the Bible
precisely because it was shaped by the same origin. Without Western
Europe, there would be neither the Bible nor Babylon.
452. In
ancient Greece, too, there are gaps in the historical record: Between
mythical Cretan or Mycenaean Greece and the Greek Classical period of
Pericles, there is a time gap of well over five hundred years. And since
the latter era soon came to an end, Hellenism was invented as a
continuation of Greek history. – Incidentally, Pericles, PERICLEM,
reveals the Latin periculum = danger. What danger did that
statesman warn against? Art historians wonder why Pericles is always
depicted with a helmet on his busts.
453. The
Classical Age of Athens did not know its greatest philosophers – Plato
and Aristotle – because they were created later. – And Plato had
parallels, for example, Plotinus – set in late Rome – and
Gemisthus Plethon – the double Plato – at home in the Italian
Renaissance. – Plato was certainly Italian, probably from southern Italy.
454.
Aristotle, the second great luminary of classical philosophy, presents
a major problem: When and where was this polymath's monumental work
created? For the moment, I am searching for clues. – But I was already
puzzled by the fact that Aristotle mentions paper money. This only came
into being during the French Revolution!
455.
Aristotle exemplifies a flaw in ancient tradition: The work is studied
without asking when and where it appeared and who wrote or compiled it. –
In any case, Aristotle is only plausible around 1800. – One of the
philosopher's works (The Constitution of the Athenians) even surfaced as a
papyrus around 1900!
456.
The age of Charlemagne, supposedly "around 800 AD," represents a
luminous island in the darkness of the "Early Middle Ages." But nothing
from that glorious period has survived or dates from a later time. -
Aachen Cathedral is a Romanesque church, built shortly before the
Gothic period.
457.
Because everything was placed backwards in time, even the 17th and 18th
centuries represent dark periods. Only shortly before 1800 did people
begin to fill these empty centuries with content. – And again: As history
slowly became credible, they continued to diligently work on the old
traditions. That is why we are still on historically uncertain ground in
the early 19th century.
458. The
inventors of history knew about dark times. They sometimes deliberately
placed events in such empty centuries. For example, the Abbey of St.
Gall is said to have owned estates throughout southern Germany "around
900 AD" - an era about which we know almost nothing. A hundred years
later, however, nothing remained of these landholdings. – And by the way:
How could such a vast, scattered estate be managed when there were neither
roads nor money?
459. By
analyzing the chronological sequence of certain technical inventions, but
especially through the aforementioned history of construction and
architecture, a certain cultural sequence can be established, both in
terms of content and time, for a little over three centuries before the
present day.
460. The
enormous Palace of Versailles was certainly under construction in
the mid-1780s. – The ruinous financial consequences of this megalomaniacal
building frenzy led to the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789. –
But before Versailles, there were already other oversized palaces, such as
Vaux-le-Vicomte and Fontainebleau.
461. The
revolutionary events in Europe made it difficult to continue the
consensual and, for several decades, cultivated tradition of historical
revisionism. The break with conventions led - perhaps reluctantly at first
- to the creation of historical records that were consistent in content
and chronology.
462.
However, between 1789 and 1815, and even beyond, many dates, people, and
events remain uncertain. Even the person of Napoleon Bonaparte can be
questioned: Why did Napoleon go on an inexplicable military expedition to
Egypt in 1798, in the middle of the war? How could Napoleon, from his
exile on Elba, reconquer France "for the Hundred Days" in an astonishingly
short time? And why are there records of Napoleon on the remote island of
Saint Helena?
463.
The falsification of documents continued even after 1800. For example,
around 1820, Angelo Mai, the Vatican librarian, published a
previously lost work by Cicero. - Mai claimed to have found the manuscript
in the Bobbio Monastery. - Needless to say, that librarian wrote the
Cicero text. - The aforementioned Mai was also the one who, around the
same time, commissioned the Codex Vaticanus, a three-column Greek
Bible manuscript which scholars now date to around 400 AD.
464. The
Austrian biblical scholar
Konstantin von Tischendorf created the most famous Bible forgery. Together with a Greek
collaborator, he produced the so-called Codex Sinaiticus around
1850, a parchment manuscript which he claimed to have found in the
Russian Orthodox monastery on the island of Sinai. - The Sinaiticus came
to St. Petersburg. In 1933, the Soviet government sold the forgery to
England for the equivalent of about ten million marks. - Today's biblical
scholars consider the Sinaiticus to be the best, the most original text of
the Holy Scriptures. - The most recent forgery is the best!
465.
Historical documents relating to the period before 1800 were produced
until the 1850s. - Historians up until the mid-19th century were often
also part-time forgers of history. - This is an uncomfortable observation:
A significant number of old writings and documents would have to be
examined to determine whether they were created before or after 1800 or
1815.
466. For
decades, I've been preoccupied with the Victorian question: There
was supposedly a cleric and philosopher named Hugo of Saint Victor
in northern France "in the 12th century." But the most famous French
writer of the 19th century was named Victor Hugo. - Can anyone make
sense of these two identical names?
467. For
about 170 years, almost only individual forged texts and works of art have
been produced. – But the process of forgery continues unabated: Our
culture demands antiquities, so they are created. – The Pergamon Altar,
erected in Berlin after 1871, the statue of Persephone from Tarentum
created around 1900, and the gold bust of Marcus Aurelius of Avenches,
discovered in western Switzerland in 1939, demonstrate the hunger for
ancient artistic artifacts.
468.
Even ancient texts speak of forgeries. They knew what was happening in
art and literature. – For example, it is said that Octavian had obelisks
brought from Egypt to Rome. Caligula did the same. But he didn't realize
that forgeries were being passed off as his! – On that note: The
obelisks of Rome were created on site; they did not originate from the
land of the Nile.
468. Even
ancient texts speak of forgeries. 469. Since the end of the 19th century,
and again from the 1930s onward, "ancient" papyrus fragments from
the Middle East have experienced a renaissance. We have already mentioned
the papyrus collector Martin Bodmer.
470.
The Qumran documents at the Dead Sea are well-known. These contain the
entire Hebrew Testament—or so it is claimed. The discovery of these papyri
and parchments coincides not by chance with the year 1947/48, the founding
of the State of Israel.
471. The
most recent papyrus sensation was announced in Berlin in 2000: A
document bearing the signature of Cleopatra (!) was found in a library.
The Egyptian queen is said to have written the words "So it shall be" in
Greek. And, rather ironically, the fake is dated "33 BC." So, they knew
even before the Savior's birth that he would reach the age of 33!
472.
Falsified, fabricated history can be recognized and refuted by certain
characteristics. Most pseudohistorical narratives are characterized by
exaggerated lengths of time. It's obvious that empty periods had to be
filled. When kingdoms flounder for centuries, something is amiss.
473.
Equally suspect are the biographies of figures from false history.
Many of these individuals appear to have been true polymaths: they were
involved in politics, traveled extensively, dedicated themselves to the
sciences, and were incredibly productive. But these universal geniuses
come exclusively from the uncertain, the dark ages; their names
were Leonardo da Vinci, Wilhelm Leibniz, Albrecht von Haller and
Aristotle.
474.
Impossible content characterizes many fabricated historical narratives.
We have already encountered many examples. Here, only one particularly
egregious example will be mentioned: "In 480 BC," a massive naval battle
supposedly took place between the Athenians and Persians near the island
of Salamis, off the coast of Athens. 300 Athenian warships fought
against 1200 Persian warships. And on land, the great King Xerxes
supposedly mobilized 700,000 (!) infantry and 400,000 (!) cavalry against
the city-state of Athens. Why did the Persians lose on both land and sea?
475.
Exaggerated figures run parallel to the fictional narrative. Here are
a few examples: During the First Punic War, the Roman fleet, with over 400
(!) ships, supposedly encountered a storm near Camerina on the
southern coast of Sicily. The Romans supposedly lost almost all their
ships, and 100,000 (!) sailors drowned.
476.
The fantastical figures don't stop there. In the year "105 BC," the
Romans supposedly lost a battle against the mysterious Cimbri and
Teutones at Arausio (Orange) in Provence. 120,000 (!) men—soldiers and
auxiliary troops—succeeded. And the highly praised Julius Caesar is
said to have slaughtered 430,000 (!) Germanic tribesmen during the Gallic
Wars on the Rhine. Who is to be held accountable for these absurd
claims: the ancient historians or the modern historians who accept
this nonsense as true?
477.
The golden age of the ancient Greeks lasted only about 100 years. That
was long before ancient Rome became a major power. - The classical
Roman imperial period lasted three, four, or five centuries—depending
on when one considers the beginning of this era
-
with Sulla, Julius Caesar,
or Augustus.
478.
The date of the end of the Western Roman Empire is debatable. Some
sources cite 250 AD, 395 AD, or 476 AD. - The Byzantine Empire
seems to have a much clearer chronological profile: the Eastern Roman
Empire was officially inaugurated by Constantine the Great in 330 AD and
lasted for a remarkable 1100 years before ending with the conquest
of Constantinople in 1453 AD
-
aptly enough, again under an emperor named
Constantine.
479.
Constantine the Great was the second founder of Rome. He helped
Christianity achieve victory in the Roman Empire. But the emperor himself
remained a pagan, or rather, an Arian. - The early Church
Fathers condemned Arianism. - I believe the followers of the heretic
Arius were the German Lutherans. - For Catholics, these were worse
than the pagans. - Even Moses apparently had to contend with a heresy: His
older brother was named Aaron, which sounds similar to Arius. - And
Julius Caesar defeated the Germanic chieftain Ariovistus in Alsace,
a name that can be translated as "defeated Arius."
480.
Because Constantine the Great had a conflict with Arius, his pre-Christian
counterpart, Alexander the Great, must have had one as well: The
biography of the Macedonian king was written by a certain Arrian -
over 400 years after Alexander!
481.
Alexander the Great is considered a pre-Christian savior. The triumph
of the king from tiny Macedonia was the victory over the vastly superior
Persians in the year 333 BC at Issus = as Jesus in Cilicia. This is
the legendary Battle of Issus, which Albrecht Altdorfer captured in
his monumental painting. Parallel to this event, 666 years later, in
333 AD the Eastern Roman savior Basil of Caesarea was born.
482. The
painting of the Battle of Issus by Altdorfer has a historical background
that can be roughly determined. Since around 1760, the Christian West
had been experiencing the threat of the Turks. When Alexander defeats
the Persians, the Turks are meant. The old chronicles explicitly point
this out. But, as usual, the conflicts with the Turks were relegated to
the 15th century.
483. The
preacher and anti-Semite John Capistrano called Europe to a crusade
against the Turks in fiery speeches and succeeded in halting the enemy
at Belgrade. Place names like Kalpetran in Valais and San Juan
Capistrano in California testify to the danger posed to Europe at that
time.
484. The
so-called Migration Period (“Völkerwanderung”) began in the late
Roman Empire with the invasion of the Alemanni and the Goths,
continued with the Visigothic invasion of Italy, then with the
Hunnic attack on Gaul and Italy, and later still with the
Ostrogothic invasion of Italy. It is said that the Migration Period
only ended with the Lombard invasion of Italy in 568 AD. How much
suffering did Italy and Rome have to endure for centuries at the hands of
these foreign peoples?
485.
The Alemanni seem to have been the worst barbarian people. Yet they
were originally settled in southwestern Germany, in the Black Forest—that
is, within the borders of the Roman Empire. How could a small people
belonging to the empire suddenly become the state's worst enemy? – The
Romans fought a total of twelve (!) battles against the Alemanni between
259 and 378 AD, of which the Romans won ten. – Were the Romans and
Alemanni playing war or football?
486.
The barbarian peoples played an important role in Roman salvation history.
They reminded the Romans to return to God. – The Alemanni can
be translated as "God's people," the Goths as "God's messengers" – and
Alaric means "God-king."
487.
The Visigoths, under their aforementioned leader Alaric, called
"Wrath of God," conquered Rome in 410 AD. Afterward, they established
the so-called Kingdom of Toulouse on both sides of the Pyrenees.
This kingdom supposedly lasted exactly three hundred (!) years before
being destroyed by the Arabs in a single battle at Jerez de la Frontera in
711 AD. Following this, all of Spain became Moorish. And the
reconquest of the country from the infidels, the Reconquista,
supposedly lasted well over half a millennium. Does anyone believe this
endless story?
488.
According to the history books, the Germanic Vandals were just as
ruthless as the Goths and Alamanni. After conquering North Africa from
Andalusia in Spain around 430 AD, they sacked Rome in 455 AD under
their king Genseric. - For this, exactly eighty years later, this Arian
people was destroyed by the orthodox Byzantines, just as the Carthaginians
had been destroyed by the Romans. – The poor reputation the chroniclers
held for the Vandals is evident in the analysis of their name:
VANDALIM = PN/TLM > POENAM TALIM = What a punishment!
489.
Sometime during a long "Early Middle Ages," Western Europe is said to have
recovered from the turmoil of the Migration Period - exactly 800 years
after the birth of Christ and the reign of Emperor Augustus - the
aforementioned new Roman Empire was founded in Aachen under Charlemagne.
– However, this empire collapsed after only seventy years.
490.
But in "911 AD," the High Medieval Holy Roman Empire was established. It
lasted for about three hundred and fifty years. – This glorious empire
accomplished nothing. It disintegrated without much fanfare. - However, if
one analyzes this era according to dates, years of rule, and content, the
result, as elsewhere, is a history well-structured according to rulers'
names and dates.
491. As an
example of the artful framing of the High Medieval Imperial period,
consider the following detail: The second German ruler, Henry I,
had falconry as a favorite pastime. - The penultimate ruler of that
era, Frederick II, also engaged in this sport. An illustrated
book on falconry (De arte venandi cum avibus) is attributed to
him.
492. It is
essential to address the names Henry and Conrad here. These kings
and emperors appear only in the German High Middle Ages, specifically at
the beginning and end of a dynasty. Analysis reveals that Conrad and Henry
are similar names and together mean "honorable lineage."
493.
The historical narratives are structured by natural and human events such
as battles, wars, and uprisings. For example, the plague is
never absent from the matrix of the Trojan narratives as an accompanying
element. Thus, there was the so-called Justinianic Plague" around 550 AD"
in Italy, and 800 years later, "around 1350," the Black Death in Central
Europe.
494.
Peasants' Wars deserves special mention in this false history. History
is full of such popular uprisings. The most famous is the German
Peasants' War of 1525. Martin Luther condemned this revolt. – But the
massive uprising of the South German peasants, a modern-day version of the
ancient Spartacist revolt, only entered historical consciousness at the
end of the 18th century; it was only then that the narrative was invented.
495.
Besides natural disasters and peasant wars, invasions by foreign
peoples are a recurring theme in history books. – There was not only
the aforementioned great migration of peoples (Völkerwanderung) at the end
of antiquity. – “In the 10th century AD,” Germany experienced invasions by
the Hungarians, then “in the 13th century” by the Mongols
from Asia.
496.
France, too, was not spared from foreign hordes: “In 451 AD” Attila
invaded Gaul with his Huns but was repulsed on the Catalan Plains
(!). – And in the year “885 AD,” the Vikings are said to have plundered
Paris from the sea with 30,000 (!) men, sailing up the Seine. – Where
did this seafaring nation come from, and why did they choose Paris as
their target? - Did they want to buy perfume there?
497. After
his defeat in Gaul, Attila and his Huns invaded northern Italy and
devastated the small border town of Aquileia in Friuli. However,
Pope Leo I the Great confronted him, and together with the Roman
Emperor Valentinian III, he secured the barbarian king's withdrawal in
exchange for a large ransom. The story can be broken down as follows:
Aquileia means "holy island" or "Sicily." Therefore, Attila did not
succeed in entering the Holy Land.
498.
Ancient Egypt already experienced attacks by foreign peoples: First,
the unknown Hyksos invaded the land along the Nile and established
foreign rule. But without the Bible, these foreigners would be unknown,
for their leader was named Jacob-Her, the famous Lord and Patriarch
Jacob.
499. Then
there was the great invasion of the Sea Peoples, who came from all
over Europe and those around the Mediterranean. However, they only managed
to conquer a few coastal cities temporarily. From a historical analysis
perspective, the Sea Peoples are a reflection of the European Crusaders.
These Crusaders tried in vain to conquer Egypt; they became bogged down in
the Nile Delta.
500.
The last Crusader to attempt to conquer Egypt was Louis XIV, Saint Louis
of France. As a holy king, he conquered the coastal city of
Damiette (Dalmatia). Julius Caesar had already landed in Dalmatia, as
had Jesus in Dalmanuta – also Dalmatia (TLM(N)TM). – Etymologically,
behind that holy coastal land of the Adriatic lies the aforementioned
legendary Atlantis (TLNTM), the star-born land.
501.
Throughout the fictional history, one repeatedly encounters Italy, Rome,
southern Italy, and Sicily. This must be so. The early Christian
religion originated at the foot of Mount Vesuvius, in the region of
Campania, as well as in Calabria and Sicily.
502.
When Moses arrived in Sinai after the Battle of the Red Sea, the
Israelites first saw a large cloud by day and a fire by night—an eruption
of Vesuvius (Exodus 13:21-22). – Incidentally, in etymological
analysis, VESUVIUM, VESULIUM, VOLUSIUM means "forested mountain." – It
also contains the word "vineyard."
503. The
Book of Genesis begins with a Garden of Eden. Later, also in the
Bible, an Edom is mentioned. - Behind this name ((L)TM lies LATINA,
that is, Italy. Southern Italy was the original Holy Land. - That is why
you find Vesuvius, Naples, Troy, and Ilium everywhere in the vocabulary of
European languages, in place names as well as in personal names—as already
mentioned.
504. The
German word Glauben (faith) originates from the name Calabria.
- The Romance word for bell, CAMPANA, comes from Campania;
the German word Glocke (bell) from Sicily. - Why did
Friedrich Schiller write a song about the bell?
505. The
importance of the city of Rome needs no explanation. - But
Ravenna, called RABBA in the Old Testament, also had paramount
importance: The Hebrew religious leader is called a rabbi. - The
raven bird also comes from there. - In addition, there was a battle
of ravens near Ravenna at the end of antiquity and then again 1000
years later at the end of the Middle Ages.
506.
Ravenna lies in the east of the Po Valley. The Po, in Latin
Eridanus provided the water for Italy's granary. - In Latin,
the Po Valley is called planitiem padanam. - From PADANAM
came the Romance word PANEM = bread.
507.
The initial chronicles mostly ended in 1530 or 1550. - Continuations
perhaps extended to the year 1600. - Thus, the missing history, the
entire 17th and 18th centuries, had to be hastily rewritten in the late
18th century – as mentioned. - As early as the late 1790s, Friedrich
Schiller wrote a history of the Thirty Years' War and the Wallenstein
drama trilogy.
508.
Historians have never investigated who laid the foundations for the
aforementioned, originally non-existent history of the late 16th, then the
17th, and a large part of the 18th centuries. But the originators are
known by name: Matthäus Merian the Elder and Sohn, supposedly from
the 17th century, but actually from the Baroque period, i.e., from
about 1780 onwards. Their monumental work, illustrated with
copperplate engravings, provided chroniclers and historians with the basis
for inventing a Thirty Years' War. One should therefore first study the 21
volumes of Merian's Theatrum Europaeum before undertaking
further historical research on the modern era.
509. The
aforementioned Merian also invented a Louis XIV. And because this
ruler died "in 1715," the magnificent royal residence of Versailles
is also placed in that period. Impossible! Likewise, the famous
Blenheim Palace in England is not dated to around 1720, but rather to
the end of the 18th century. This applies to all other Baroque or
Neoclassical princely residences in Germany, Austria, France, Italy,
England, and Russia.
510. The
enormous Palace of Caserta, with its 1200 (!) rooms of the Kings of
Naples, is presented as a southern Italian copy of Versailles and is
correctly dated to the late 1780s. The Escorial near Madrid should
also be placed in this period.
511.
Austrian history, in particular, needs chronological correction:
Vienna was supposedly besieged by the Turks for the first time "in 1529
AD." However, only the siege of Vienna in 1683 was significant.
Cannons were used on both sides. The Turks were repulsed. But the stated
date of the siege and relief of Vienna should be moved forward by about a
hundred years—to the 1780s.
512.
Within a generation, the Austrian general Prince Eugene conquered all of
Hungary and advanced as far as Belgrade. But that was toward the
end of the 18th century, not a century earlier. Prince Eugene's
magnificent Belvedere Palace in Vienna, like Schönbrunn Palace
and St. Charles' Church in the same city, was completed around the
latter time.
513.
The Crusades of the High Middle Ages, "from about 1090 AD," are said
to have been a consequence of the occupation of Christian Jerusalem by the
Persians and later the Arabs "around 640 AD." Why did offended Western
Europe wait a full 350 years before deciding to reconquer the Holy Land?
514.
The history of the Crusades is a poorly constructed narrative, composed in
the manner of a decrescendo; from grand, extensive, and significant to
meaningless and finally ridiculous. - The First Crusade ended after
three years in 1099 AD with the conquest of Jerusalem. The
Christians are said to have killed 30,000 (!) inhabitants and 10,000 (!)
Muslims. - After the defeat of the Westerners at Hittim in 1187 AD,
the Crusades were over in 1191. - But through a trick, the story was
extended for another century. In 1291, Acre (Saint Jean d'Acre),
the last Crusader stronghold in Palestine, was conquered. The Sultan of
Babylon (!) then took revenge on the Muslims for the injustices suffered
and had 30,000 Christian inhabitants killed. - The ancient cities must
have been incredibly populous!
515.
Historians omit many dark and ridiculous events from the history of the
Crusades. These didn't end until 1391 in Jerusalem. In that
year, four Franciscan monks marched to the Muslim judge, the Qadi,
and insulted the prophet of that religion, calling him a libertine who
tried to draw attention to himself by wearing expensive clothes (!). The
valiant friars were condemned and executed. - One has to study very
carefully to find this ludicrous incident in history books.
516.
Regarding the Crusades, but also regarding all ancient history, the critic
poses a question that historians are reluctant to answer: Why did
historical invention place all these events in distant times? The
reason is simple: After such a long time, no one could verify whether the
people and events mentioned actually existed.
517.
This shifting of the historical record back in time also applied to
historical events that had a kernel of truth. Crusades really did
happen. In the second third of the 18th century, several Western
European nations conducted military campaigns in the Near East. But
since these ended in failure, these stories were relegated to a legendary
High Middle Ages.
518.
Several other features expose the fabricated nature of the story: it is
created according to certain patterns, a matrix, or a blueprint.
Consequently, the events must repeat themselves. The analysis reveals the
aforementioned parallels in content and names. Fomenko and I
have dealt extensively with these historical stereotypes or
isomorphisms. A collection of parallel historical facts can be found
in the appendix to this text.
519.
The legend of Troy and the Trojan War also has a geography.
Originally, the city of Troy was known to be located in Naples, in
the region of Campania. The French did not miss this opportunity:
they saw Troyes in Champagne, which is Campania. – Even more
importantly: The French capital is named after the Trojan hero Paris,
the second most important city bears the name of Troy's heraldic animal,
the lion: Lyon. The third most important place in northern France
is called Iljum, or Lille. – In addition, there is the coronation
city of Rome, namely Reims.
520.
The Trojans are said to have hoarded great treasures in their city.
That is why such treasure stories appear in all parallel narratives of the
Trojan War.
521. In
the 19th century, the German amateur Heinrich Schliemann not only
searched for the city of Troy, but also for the "Treasure of Priam."
– He didn't find it, he created it: The golden artifacts, which Schliemann
claimed to be ancient, he had made by jewelers in Paris and presented in
Athens. The treasures were never in Asia Minor.
522. On
closer inspection, Schliemann's golden treasures are incredibly primitive.
The famous sauce boat made of solid gold reveals a craft that
emerged in the late 18th century. But the object is deliberately bulky,
designed to give the impression of being from ancient times. – Moreover,
the sauce boat is made of 22-karat gold. Standardized purity was
only achievable with 19th-century metallurgy. – And the so-called
"golden mask of Agamemnon," which Schliemann claimed to have
discovered in Mycenae, upon closer inspection depicts the finder himself,
complete with a mustache!
523.
During the Migration Period, a Burgundian kingdom of the Nibelungs
is said to have existed on the Middle Rhine around Worms. – The
Nibelung gold, which this people supposedly sank in the Rhine upon
their demise, later inspired poets and composers. – The only factual
aspect of the legend is that gold, the Rhine gold, was once panned
on the Middle Rhine.
524. In
the Late Middle Ages, a legendary Duchy of Burgundy arose between
France and Germany, ruled by John the Fearless, Philip the Good, and
Charles the Bold. This kingdom, too, fell like Troy. When the Swiss
Confederation annihilated Charles the Bold's army at the Battle of
Murten, they seized the fabled "Burgundian booty." Such
treasures are still displayed in Swiss museums today. The Burgundian
treasures have a parallel in ancient history: Alexander the Great
seized the so-called "Persian booty" from the Persians after their
defeat at Issus (Jesus).
525.
Burgundians also existed in pre-Christian antiquity in Asia Minor.
There, a kingdom of Pontus (Burgundy) under King Mithridates harassed the
Romans. Pontus and Mithridates must have been truly terrifying terms
for those who invented history. - The subject of the violent king of
Pontus fascinated the old masters: even before 1800, some twenty operas
were written dedicated to Mithridates. - Mozart even composed one.
526. This
Mithridates (MTRTTM > TMRTTM = TEMERITATEM = boldness, daring) also
appears in the fictional story where one would least expect him. - I have
long puzzled over an incident recorded in French chronicles: "In 1419,"
Duke John the Fearless (Jean sans Peur) is said to have been
murdered on a bridge over the Seine near Paris. Why a murder on a
bridge? The solution to the riddle: Duke the Fearless was just as
daring as the later Charles the Bold or the ancient Mithridates. The
latter king came from Pontus, PONTUM. The historians confused this
Latin word with PONTEM = bridge. So, they had Jean sans Peur die
on a bridge.
527.
Sometimes a little common sense would suffice to correct a nonsensical
name: The imposing Castel dell'Ovo lies on an island off the coast
of Naples. Has no one considered that there might be something
wrong with the name "Egg Castle"? Italians, in particular, should
know: This is a phonetic corruption of Castel Novo = New Castle.
Moreover, the fortress is located off the coast of Naples. This name, as
is well known, means New Castle, New Town, New City.
528. If
one knows the term or the word, one also grasps its meaning: Why does
David play the harp in the Bible? Well, King David conquers the city
of Rabba = Ravenna. We will return to this event. Ravenna was a
port city in ancient times. An inland port usually had a bulbous
shape - similar to a harp. In all languages, this musical instrument
bears the same Ravenna name: harp.
529.
Throughout this fictional history, we encounter confusions caused by
misunderstood words. The statue of the horned Moses by Michelangelo
is a well-known example. This stems from a misreading in Latin:
CORONATUS = crowned was interpreted as CORNUTUS = horned. Another
impossibility is found in the history of the late Roman Republic. There
was a Sertorius who ruled in Spain. This ruler owned a prophetic
hind (!), in Latin CERVA. But the scribe misread it; it should have
been SERVA = servant!
530. In
the Catholic liturgical calendar, there is the martyrdom of the Theban
Legion. An impossibility! But let's take it one step at a time:
THEBES is a martyr city like Troy. Alexander the Great had it
conquered for unknown reasons and all its inhabitants killed. Charles the
Bold did the same with Dinant in Belgium. And LEGION is a
misreading of RELIGIO. - This is another classic misreading. The
Trojans were the martyrs, not the legionaries!
531.
Almost every Roman emperor marched against the Persians in the east.
But each time, the Persian enemies rose again. In late Rome, they were
called Parthians; they even captured the Roman Emperor Valerian.
Tradition tells us that the unfortunate ruler was then flayed alive! The
Parthian ruler was called Shapur (SPR > PRS), so he was Persian!
532.
Why did the Persians suddenly become Parthians? Well, according to
tradition, Persian state ideology compared their empire to a walled
garden. Such a garden was also called Paradise (PRT(S)M).
533. First
there were the Medes, then the Persians. Then Alexander the
Great, from tiny Macedonia, conquered the entire Persian Empire in a
magnificent campaign. But after his death, Antiochus III of the
Seleucid dynasty succeeded the pre-Christian savior Alexander. – After
a long time, the Persians, and later the Parthians, once again took the
place of the empire in the East. – And in late Rome, the Sassanids
came, only to give way to the Persians once more. – Who understands
these kaleidoscopic changes of names and empires in the Near and Middle
East? – I suspect the Franks or the French are behind these
incomprehensible historical sequences.
534.
Xerxes, the Persian Great King who wanted to conquer the city of
Athens, came from the Achaemenid dynasty. Hidden within this is the
meaning "Warning to the Achaeans = the Greeks." – Both the Greeks
and later the Romans knew from where the hostile wind was blowing.
535. With
the aforementioned Seleucids, it gets even more bizarre. This
Syrian empire made the invention of history the enemy of the late Roman
Republic. The Seleucids reached their zenith under the ruler Antiochus
III the Great. After that, their fortunes declined. Pompey the Great
finally put an end to the enemies in the East. – But it is not the story
itself that is interesting here, but the names: Seleucids, Antiochus,
and the number three. Analyzing these three names reveals the
following sequence of meanings: Heavenly Trojan Song! – For whom
was this euphony intended?
536. In
the Trojan War, a woman named Briseis (PRS = PERSIAM) appears as
the lover of Achilles, and later of Agamemnon. – Briseis is a woman from
the East, a parallel to Cleopatra. She, too, first loved Caesar
(Achilles). When he rejected her, she turned to Mark Antony
(Agamemnon).
537.
Syria was the land of the French king, who was addressed as
Sire. And east of Syria lay Assyria - also a land of Sire.
Mesopotamia was briefly a province of the Romans or the Franks. The
etymology of the two rivers flowing through that land proves it: The
Euphrates is the Ebro in northern Spain, and the Tigris, actually
Ligris, reveals the Loire in France. The French Crusaders also
took their geography with them to the Orient.
538.
Before the Persians, there was supposedly the aforementioned legendary
kingdom of Media. This was conquered by the Persians. But the name
Media goes back to Mediterraneum. The Franks, that is, the
Persians, conquered not only Italy during the Crusades, but the entire
Mediterranean region.
539.
The Phoenicians are also mentioned in connection with the ancient
Levant. These people traded with their fleet and maintained an army of
mercenaries. – Anyone with a modicum of sense will see the ancient
Phoenicians as the modern-day Venetians. – The Carthaginians, too,
were modeled on Venice.
540.
Some parts of the biblical story take place in southern France, in
Provence. – We have already identified Avignon as Babel. – Then
there is the biblical story of Noah. The patriarch saved himself
from a flood with an ark at Mount Ararat. – This does not refer to the
volcano in eastern Turkey. The name analysis reveals: ARARATEM > (C)R/RTM
> CHRIST(IAN)UM RATEM = Christ's Raft.
541. The
name Ararat (ARARATEM) reveals the episcopal city of Arles,
Latin ARELATEM. This city is frequently flooded by the Rhône. – Mount
Ararat likely refers to the Arpilles hills between Arles and Nîmes.
There, Noah retreated with his raft during the flood. – And that
patriarch reveals NOVUS = new: Noah made a new beginning for humanity with
his ark. – Perhaps he then founded the episcopal city of Nîmes
(NEMAUSUS) = N/MSM = NOVUM MOYSEM = New Moses.
542. In
the Old Testament, the prophets' wrath was directed against the cities of
Nineveh and Babylon. - BABEL = PPL means PAPALIS = papal. As
already mentioned, this refers to AVIGNON, Latin AVENNO (VNN), the papal
city. - Read backwards, VNN > NNV = NINIVE. - The biblical prophets
thus cursed only one city, but with three names: Avignon, Babylon,
Nineveh.
543.
Assyria was a unique empire. However, upon closer inspection, one can
discern western, particularly Frankish, influences. As with all Trojans,
the lion played a special role. This is evidenced by the bas-reliefs
depicting lion hunts, now housed in the British Museum. And the land
between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers belonged to the Roman Empire for a
time. This is why Christianity is still prevalent there today. - Some
Assyrian kings should be mentioned. They show how closely that land is
interwoven with biblical stories, that is, with Europe.
544. The
Assyrian king Sennacherib wanted to conquer Jerusalem but was
driven out by the outbreak of the plague (2 Kings 18:19). In contrast, the
ruler succeeded in conquering Babylon. The name Sennacherib can be broken
down as Hebrew and means "two swords": The king was indeed killed
by his two sons with two swords!
545.
Tiglath-pilesar was a bitter enemy of the two God-pleasing kingdoms of
Israel and Judah. He deported parts of the population of Samaria to
Assyria. And it was of no use to the ruler of Judah to pay tribute to
Tiglath-pilesar; he was deceived. In the Bible, the Assyrian king is also
called Pul, from the Latin pulsare = to push, to
strike. Fomenko and I see Pul as a disguise for the Hunnic king Attila.
546.
Nebuchadnezzar of Assyria was also spelled Nabuchodonosor. Giuseppe
Verdi dedicated the opera Nabucco to him. This
Nebuchadnezzar is mentioned in the Book of Daniel in the Bible.
That prophet interpreted the dreams of that ruler. But Daniel also made a
confession of sin on behalf of the Israelite people: The name
Nebuchadnezzar means sacrilegium nostrum, that is, "our
wickedness"!
547. The
name of the Assyrian king Belshazzar reveals the Latin word
pallescere, meaning "to turn pale, to be terrified." The ruler was
terrified to death when the prophet Daniel explained the words
mene mene tekel upharsim to him.
548.
The destruction of the two cities of Sodom and Gomorrah presents a puzzle.
– This refers to the destruction of Pompeii by Vesuvius. But why
does the biblical Book of Genesis speak of two cities? – Well, the German
chronicler Calvisius reports that the city of Rome burned for three days
during the destruction of Pompeii. This is clear from the analysis of the
names: Gomorrah is a Hebrew-Latin hybrid word and means Rome.
– And Sodom (STM) can mean holy Troy. – But it is likely that
Mettius (MTS), a king from early Roman times, is behind it. According
to Titus Livius, a rain of stones destroyed the city of Alba near Rome
during his reign; this latter event represents the Pompeian eruption of
Vesuvius.
549.
Another puzzle of antiquity has yet to be solved by anyone before me:
Every Latin student is given Cicero's speeches against CATILINE.
The latter name leads to the Catalans, those already mentioned
northern Spanish warbands who conquered southern Italy, then Greece, and
especially Athens.
550.
The solution to Catiline's riddle: Plutarch or Petrarch, who
wrote the parallel biographies of both the Roman Cicero and the Greek
Demosthenes, confused Greek and Roman history: In the late Middle
Ages, Athens was threatened and conquered by the Catalans. The orator
Cicero invoked the threat of that Greek city in the Middle Ages, not of
Rome in antiquity. Even today, the expression "Catalan revenge"
exists in Modern Greek and even in Bulgarian for a misfortune that can
befall anyone.
551.
Cicero's Greek counterpart, Demosthenes, also had a mortal enemy in
the person of Philip II of Macedon. He threatened Athens and eventually
captured the city. Thus, the speeches against the king from the north were
called the Philippics. These were published in Italy by the
humanist Cardinal Bessarion. – Or rather, one should say he wrote
them – along with many other Greek texts. Bessarion wanted to use his
speeches, presented in the guise of antiquity, to call for war against
the Turks. – So here, too: Just as Demosthenes' Philippics were in
reality directed against the Turks in modern times, so too were Cicero's
Catiline Orations directed against the Catalans in the Middle Ages.
552. Let's
stay with Cicero: In this fictionalized history, he is considered a
great orator. But first, Marcus Tullius was Julius Caesar's sub-commander
in the Gallic Wars. – How did a general become an orator? - Well,
that man was referred to as a eunuch in the original matrix, from the
Latin orbare = to deprive of manhood. - Cicero ORBATOR
was read as ORATOR. - A misunderstanding led to a great representative
of rhetoric emerging from a eunuch!
553.
Cicero is a parallel to Julius Caesar: Both were orators, trained by
the same teacher. Both figures experienced hardship and disgrace during
their careers: Both Caesar and Cicero were exiled, their homes destroyed.
And both were murdered; they sacrificed themselves for the new religion.
554.
The name Cicero also contains the meaning of Sicily. Thus, that orator
was a defender of the island against the corrupt governor Verres.
- And the Asia Minor province of Cilicia, the home of the Apostle
Paul, is a variant of the name Sicily. It came about that,
according to the fictional story, Cicero was governor of Cilicia
for a time.
555. On
this occasion: Why were there so many important orators in antiquity,
from Demosthenes to Cicero to Julius Caesar? – It is connected to the
Christian religion. It sought to convince believers with words. – The
most famous orator was Jesus with his Sermon on the Mount.
556.
The Holy Land represents not just a misunderstanding, but a
misconception of the greatest magnitude. For a long time, Palestine in the
Near East has been taken for granted as the Promised Land. – However, it
has already been stated several times that it is to be found in Italy,
more precisely in southern Italy, in Sicily, Calabria, and Campania. –
Apulia, with Brindisi, the place of Virgil's death, and the aforementioned
Tarentum also belong to it.
557. Not
only do all roads lead to Rome, but important dates do as well. Classical
chronology begins with the Olympic Games in the year 774 BC and
the founding of Rome in 753 BC. - Together with the eruption of
Vesuvius in 79 AD, Rome is firmly embedded in a historical number
system.
558. This
also applies to the ages of Jesus: 33 or 45. This first number can
be divided into three and used as 11 or a multiple thereof. – 45
divided by three yields the indiction number 15. The Roman tax
assessment was called an indiction and was carried out every 15 years. The
number could be tripled or multiplied tenfold. Both 45 and 450 frequently
appear in numerological constructions.
559.
Rome was conquered, plundered, and destroyed several times at the end of
the Roman Empire. These events followed one another at intervals of
45 years, i.e., three indictions. – The first conquest of Rome by the
aforementioned Visigothic king Alaric was in 410 AD, the second by
the Vandal king Genseric in 455, the third by the Ostrogothic king
Theodoric in 500, and a fourth in 545 by the Ostrogothic
king Totila. Did the barbarians wait outside Rome's gates for several
years each time, until the 45-year period had elapsed?
560.
Besides the conquests of late antiquity, the Eternal City was also
conquered many times in the "Middle Ages." The worst conquest and
plunder of Rome occurred in 1527 AD by an army of German
mercenaries under their leader, George of Frundsberg. The Germanic
tribes, and later the Germans, were apparently Rome's fate! But as
consolation, history reports that both the first and the last conquerors
of Rome, Alaric and Frundsberg, died immediately after their heinous act.
561.
Likewise, there are a striking number of events in this fictional history
that end in 11 or a multiple thereof. These are therefore Jesus
numbers. - In the history of Bern, for example, a boating accident
on the Aare River is recorded in 1311, a fratricide among the
Counts of Kyburg in 1322, and the plundering of Avenches, formerly
Aventicum, in 1333. – Why the burning of an insignificant little
town? Well, the historians couldn't distinguish between Avenches =
AVEN(TIC)UM = Avignon = AVENNONEM. The names of the two places
are identical.
562.
Another example of ancient numerical symbolism: The calendar based on the
beginning of the Olympic Games starts in the year 776 BC, while the
calendar based on the founding of Rome begins in 753 BC. The
difference between the two calendars is the prime number 23. – This
explains why Julius Caesar was murdered with 23 stab wounds.
563.
Historians sometimes used 2 x 23 = 46. For example, Frederick the
Great of Prussia is said to have reigned for a full 46 years: 23
years as a warrior prince ("1740–1763") and then 23 years as a
peace king or philosopher prince ("1763–1786").
564. The
great historian Ferdinand Gregorovius notes in several places in
his two works on the medieval history of Rome and the medieval history of
Athens, published at the end of the 19th century, the striking
similarities between antiquity and the Middle Ages. Modern historians
want nothing to do with this.
565. One
of the well-known episodes from ancient Greece is the story of the
defensive battle fought by a Spartan army at Thermopylae: To cover the
Greek retreat from the army of the Persian king Xerxes, three hundred
Spartans under their king Leonidas are said to have sacrificed
themselves at the pass. Later, a monument was erected to the heroes,
inscribed with the words: “Traveler, when you come to Sparta, tell them
there that you saw us lying here, as the law commanded.”
566.
The episode at Thermopylae is said to have taken place in “480 BC.” –
But the aforementioned historian Ferdinand Gregorovius also knows the
medieval counterpart to the heroic deed at Thermopylae: “In 1275 AD,”
the Frankish Duke of Athens, Jean de la Roche, sacrificed himself at the
same spot with three hundred knights to repel an Eastern Roman army. –
Which is the original story?
567. The
parallels expose the ancient story as fiction and a construct. – Fomenko
and I have recognized many parallels and have presented some of them in
the form of graphs and tables. And we encounter each other at every turn
when recounting the content and dates of the fictional story.
568. In
prehistory, as it is written in books, it happens that technical
achievements such as the wheel had to be invented several times.
This is not because knowledge was lost, but because the historical periods
are too long and do not align with one another.
569. The
Greeks were supposedly pioneers in language and poetry, in art and
mathematics. – But they supposedly lagged behind in one area: they didn't
know vault construction. That was something the Romans were the first to
do. – But which architecture is Greek and which is Roman? – Even
art historians get it wrong, because the differences often don't exist.
570.
“Around 450 BC,” Athens is said to have reached its classical grandeur
with marble buildings under Pericles. – But it wasn't until 450 years
later, under Augustus, that Rome became a classical city with marble
monuments. How can this enormous time gap be explained, given that
Greece and Italy are separated only by the narrow strait of the Adriatic
Sea?
571.
The Gothic style is said to have begun “around 1150 AD” with
the Chapel of Saint Denis near Paris. The great French cathedrals of
Amiens, Chartres, and Reims are dated to around 1200 AD. But it
wasn't until more than two hundred years later that German cities began to
build Gothic cathedrals. And these were under construction for centuries.
572. But I
just read: The Gothic Westminster Hall in London was built "1097 AD"!
Gothic style before the beginning of that culture? – That's beyond
absurd! – It doesn't surprise me. Besides the impossible dates they
attach to buildings, art historians also often confuse Romanesque and
Gothic architecture.
573.
Because Gothic supposedly still appears "in the 17th century," this style,
according to the experts, lasted half a millennium. – Who could have
endured the same architectural style for over five centuries?
574.
Classical Greco-Roman literature – Virgil, Horace, Ovid – was
supposedly created during the reign of Emperor Augustus "around the time
of Christ's birth." But the earliest surviving manuscripts claimed to be
ancient writings date from a nebulous "Early Middle Ages" over a thousand
years ago. Ancient writing is, without exception, a recent creation. We
have said this many times before.
575.
The history of the discovery and colonization of the New World is a
complete nightmare: America is said to have been discovered "in
1492"—but only a few insignificant islands in the Bahamas. "In the
16th century," the Spanish fought in South America. "In 1620,"
the colonization of what would later become the New England states is said
to have begun. Around 1730, the Carolinas were supposedly settled.
And as early as "1776," the United States of America was allegedly
founded.
576. I see
the first European building in North America as Fort Saint Augustine in
Florida, built around the 1760s. The Mexican mission station of Los
Angeles in California is first mentioned "in 1781." The founding of
the USA was certainly not "1776," but later, perhaps around 1800.
577.
The supposed ancient history of East Asia, that is, of China and Japan,
will not be discussed here: Their past and cultural development are
dependent on Europe and its colonial expansion. - There is only one world,
and therefore only one human world and its development.
578.
The history of the ancient Near East and Egypt consists mainly of periods
of emptiness, as already mentioned. But even in the "Middle Ages,"
especially the "Early Middle Ages," and even in the "Modern Era," one
speaks of so-called dark ages.
579. In
the history of the German Middle Ages, various "terrible, emperorless
times" are mentioned
-
for example, after the end of the Hohenstaufen
dynasty in southern Italy. But dark periods of anarchy exist everywhere
in ancient historical epochs. These enabled the inventors of
history to establish new beginnings for dynasties and kingdoms.
580.
The grotesquely long chronology also force geologists to stretch Earth's
history by absurd lengths. Instead of thousands of years, millions of
years are postulated. Modern geology, as a history, is nothing but a
nuisance.
581.
The invented story is also a heroic tale. – As in the other legends,
the credibility of the narratives is severely tested for the critical
observer. – It is not only Nimrod and Goliath who roam the old
historical narratives: The crossbowman William Tell is a central
part of the founding legend of Schwyz.
582.
The legend of an excellent crossbowman also exists in Swabia. There,
in 1390, a follower of the Count of Zollern named William is said to have
shot at a wooden crucifix after leaving the church in Hechingen. The
statue then began to bleed. The culprit was executed. – And, as a parallel
to the Schwyz League, the Swabian League was later formed there.
583. The
Schwyz hero Arnold von Winkelried not only decided the Battle of
Sempach. – This Arnold was also active before and after – for almost
three centuries! - Furthermore, Winkelried also performed heroic deeds
against the Swiss Confederation. For example, in 1241 he decided a battle
between the Austrians and the Bernese! – It is likely that the Habsburgs
paid the hero more in the latter battle.
584.
Heroes may live for centuries, but they too must die: In 1522, Arnold
von Winkelried faced the aforementioned mercenary leader Georg von
Frundsberg in a duel before the Battle of Bicocca (a wretched hut near
Milan) and was slain by him with a halberd.
585.
Anyone who speaks of French history will surely mention the heroic Joan
of Arc. – But this legendary female figure traces back to the
oriental queens Cleopatra of Egypt and Zenobia of Palmyra in Syria. –
All three of these women had a relationship with a significant man:
Cleopatra with Julius Caesar, then with Mark Antony; Zenobia with the
Roman Emperor Aurelian; and Joan of Arc with the French heir to the
throne, the Dauphin.
586. The only city founded by the French
crusaders was Saint Jean d’Acre in Palestine. One might object to
the name of the port city, noting that a man is being cited as a saint.
This is not a contradiction: Joan of Arc was a man. The English
inquisitors in Rouen questioned the young woman from Domrémy in Lorraine
and discovered that she wore trousers!
587.
The old chronicles are structured around recurring natural events:
celestial phenomena such as comets and meteorites, solar eclipses, blood
moons, earthquakes, floods, and thunderstorms. Interspersed among
these are accounts of accidents and crimes. – It's like today's
newspapers.
588. As
an example, let us recount the events of the year 1020 AD from an old
chronicle of Schwyz: A burning torch, as large as a tower, fell from
the sky. The sea overflowed and drowned many towns and villages. A great
famine and inflation ensued. Finally, more people died of the plague than
survived. A healing spring in Lorraine contained blood instead of water
for a time. – Why these terrible events in "1020"? The answer to the
riddle: In that year, Hildebrand, the medieval savior, was born.
589.
According to the chronicles, a terrible earthquake struck Lisbon in
1531, destroying 15,000 houses and 300 churches. The Enlightenment
thinkers of the late 18th century remembered this catastrophe. They
invented another terrible earthquake in Lisbon in 1755. This event is
said to have shattered the optimism of Enlightenment writers.
590.
The story of Hannibal and his elephants is well-known: How did this
Carthaginian general manage to lead an entire herd of elephants from North
Africa through Spain, southern France, and the Maritime Alps to Italy? The
only thing that's true is the leader's name: Hannibal translates to
Naples. But Naples is also part of the word elephant.
591. Some
sixty years before Hannibal, a King Pyrrhus from Epirus in Greece
is said to have invaded southern Italy across the Adriatic Sea with an
army and dozens of elephants, severely harassing the Romans. – May I ask a
question: Were there elephants in Greece at that time?
592.
Hannibal invaded Italy with his army and elephants and decisively
defeated the Romans at Cannae in Apulia. This place reveals
Canaan. – After this victory, Hannibal, strangely enough, did not
march to the Holy Land but encamped in Capua. But CAPUAM is
revealed as CARPTUM, which means weakened, exhausted, depleted.
– Thus, one understands why the victorious but weakened Carthaginians were
subsequently unable to harass the Romans.
593.
Hannibal was among Rome's greatest enemies. But in the late Roman
imperial family, there were several members named Hanniballianus
(!). – Who can explain this rationally? – A late Roman rival emperor also
called himself Jotavian. This is the resurrection of King Jotham
in the Judean Kingdom of the Old Testament. – Did the rulers of late Rome
already read the Bible?
594. On
this occasion: Carthage, CARTHAGINEM, is deciphered as CR(S)T(M) +
GNM = GENEREM, that is, Christ's lineage. – Rome's mortal enemy was
just as Christian as the city on the Tiber. That is why it took three wars
to completely defeat the city-state in North Africa.
595.
The elephant had a special religious significance. Alexander the Great
is said to have entered Babylon in a chariot drawn by elephants, as did
Julius Caesar in Rome. And both Alexander and Caesar are savior
figures. – In the Middle Ages, Charlemagne and later
Frederick II of Hohenstaufen are said to have led elephants and other
exotic animals through northern Italy.
596.
Germany is said to have suffered terribly in the Thirty Years' War.
Many cities were reduced to rubble, and the population was decimated. Yet,
at the same time, the aforementioned engraver Matthäus Merian
created his views of German cities. In these images, one sees
well-built cities with well-fed councilors and their wives in the
foreground. There is no sign of destruction or hardship. As we have
already stated, the Thirty Years' War is a massive historical
fabrication, created shortly before 1800.
597. We
will remain with the Thirty Years' War for a few more lines. It
lasted exactly 27 years—if one disregards the three years of peace
negotiations. But, as with many events in ancient history, one must look
for a literary model. And one finds it: the Peloponnesian War in
ancient Greece. This conflict also lasted 27 years.
598.
The author of the work on the Peloponnesian War is a man named
Thucydides. He had a very strong sense of self-importance. According
to Thucydides, that war between Athens and Sparta was "the greatest
upheaval among men." - Really?
599. If
one delves into the details of the ancient historical tradition, one
recognizes a monumental and simultaneously absurd pseudo-history. It
is astonishing that it is still believed today. - Historians simply omit
the major contradictions in those histories. - And they particularly
ignore the thin source material.
600.
One could compile a thick book on the absurdities of ancient history
alone. - For example, an old chronicle states that the Roman Emperor
Antoninus Pius died from eating too much Alpine cheese (!). - It is
also reported that Emperor Caracalla had a residence built for himself
in Tübingen (!) and employed German (!) bodyguards. – And at the end
of the Western Roman Empire, the empire was ruled by a governor named
Ricimer (Richmar): He, however, was a Swabian (!).
601.
Another example from a chronicle: The water tower in the Reuss River in
Lucerne is said to have been built around 600 BC (!). – There is no
mention of a city of Lucerne. – The same chronicle states that Trier is
the oldest city in Germany. – This is believed because, according to
ancient theology, the divine Trinity = Trier stands at the origin
of human culture.
602. I
also find a note by the "medieval" chronicler Salimbene of Parma
absurd, yet charming. He wrote that he had eaten ravioli (!) for the first
time that day: This showed him how sophisticated modern times had become
compared to the humble lifestyle of his ancestors.
603. The
late antique emperor Probus (= the Righteous) is also praiseworthy.
He is said to have introduced viticulture to the Moselle region. – Cheers
to this ruler!
604.
Details of the invented history are often poorly concocted. They
reveal a preposterous origin. – For example, there is a Greek Church
Father Gregory of Nazianzus. This theologian dealt particularly
with the Incarnation of Christ. One doesn't need to study his texts to see
this: the epithet NAZIANZUS reveals it – from the French naissance,
meaning birth (of Christ). – And his birthplace is said to have been
AZIANZUS. – They simply dropped the N from the name!
605. The
story above can be supplemented: Gregory of Nazianzus had a brother
who was also a Church Father, named Gregory of Nyssa (naissance
= birth). Both taught the same thing, namely the Incarnation of the
Savior. Later, the two brothers Gregory, along with the aforementioned
Eastern Roman Church Father Basil the Great of Caesarea, were united as a
triad. This was because the three theologians were particularly
concerned with the dogma of the Trinity.
606. The
story continues: The three Church Fathers from Asia Minor are called
the Cappadocians. The long name of the ancient Anatolian province,
Cappadocia, reveals further elements of their theology: CAPPA (S.
PA(ULUM)) contains the name of the holy Apostle Paul. And DOCIAM reveals
the Latin word docere, meaning to teach. Thus, the three great
figures from that land taught the true, Pauline faith. And Paul
came from Cilicia, a province of Cappadocia.
607.
Another obvious example of how a name can reveal an event can be found in
the history of the Crusades. There, Sultan Saladin is said to have
decisively defeated the Crusader army in Galilee "in the year 1187 AD."
Well, SALADIN = CLDM reveals the Latin CLADEM, clades = defeat. As
the name, so the deed!
608.
Sometimes it is worthwhile to study pseudo-historical matters closely in
order to discover blatant absurdities. For example, the story of Emperor
Frederick Barbarossa from the Hohenstaufen dynasty in the High Middle
Ages. He also appears in Grimm's fairy tales as King Redbeard.
The name conceals the Latin word TEMPERAMENTUM for temperament, here to be
interpreted as irascibility. In fact, Barbarossa was a tyrant; he
destroyed the city of Milan on a campaign in Italy in "1162."
Frederick I also wanted to conquer Rome in "1167." However, the
plague drove the ruler from the Eternal City.
609. But
practice makes perfect for those who aspire to be city destroyers:
Barbarossa, or Redbeard, is said to have conquered and destroyed the city
of Zurich as a child of just seven years old (!) as Duke of Swabia.
It's truly a miracle that Milan and Zurich ever rose again!
610.
The invented history shows in many places that the construction of many
elements was initially unstable. The Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick
mentioned just now appears to have been the only one of his name at first.
Only later was a Frederick II added. And in Sicily, there was also a
Frederick II afterward, and later a Frederick III
-
just as in the late
medieval Holy Roman Empire.
611.
The common misconception that the earth was flat is well-known. Place
names like Finistère (finis terrae, meaning "end of the world")
still recall this. But the curvature of the earth was known even earlier.
The ancients were not stupid.
612. In
the Middle Ages, there was supposedly a debate about whether philosophy or
theology should take precedence. Analysis shows that history was
initially the handmaiden of theology. The three languages fixed in
the Renaissance - Latin, Greek, and Hebrew - originally served exclusively
sacred purposes. - The Holy Scriptures were recorded in those three
languages, as were the explanatory works of the Church Fathers. - There
was no distinction between sacred and secular literature.
613.
The same applies to art: Anyone who looks at old paintings—whether
portraits, landscapes, or still lifes—recognizes
Christian motifs in them, often entire devotional images. Leonardo da
Vinci's Last Supper and Mona Lisa still enjoy
religious veneration today.
614.
Orthodox scholars usually see only the depicted foreground of an old work
of art, not the intended religious background. – There is the famous
painting by Velázquez, "The Surrender of Breda": Whether that Dutch
city once surrendered to the Spanish after a siege or not is irrelevant.
In this history painting, the painter was actually disguising a biblical
event: King Melchizedek emerges from his city and gives Abraham bread and
wine, thereby acknowledging his sovereignty (Genesis 14:18).
615. The
purpose of inventing history was to demonstrate the activity of God, his
Son, and the Holy Spirit in humanity, as has already been stated several
times.
616. The
earliest literature is historical doctrine of God. Theology is the
foundation of nature (Scientia dei est causa rerum), declared
the aforementioned Church Father Thomas Aquinas with unsurpassed
brevity and equally great boldness.
617.
Historians who distinguish between church history and secular history do
not understand the content and motives of historical falsification.
Theologians themselves are engaging in historical falsification today:
they are altering the texts of Holy Scripture. Translations of the Bible
from the last hundred years or so must be used with the utmost caution or
rejected outright.
618. A
striking example of deliberate textual falsification can be found in the
Book of Exodus: after descending from Sinai with God's instructions,
Moses orchestrates a massacre among the Israelites. In a single day,
the Levites, at the behest of their leader, killed 23,000 of their
countrymen. This is a bit much, according to today's Bible translators.
Therefore, the number 3,000 is found in modern translations of Holy
Scripture (Exodus 32:28).
619.
Another horrific event is recounted in the Second Book of Samuel: David
conquers the Ammonite city of Rabbah—Ravenna, as is well known. He led
the inhabitants of the city out, killed them, and burned their dismembered
bodies in brick kilns. – The passage about the biblical king's rampage is
tough stuff for modern readers. – So, today's translations take a cliché:
David supposedly forced the inhabitants of Rabbah to use saws, picks, and
axes and to work in brick kilns (!) (2 Samuel 12:31).
620.
Ancient literature must be treated and interpreted with care, otherwise it
becomes unusable. However, the meaning is often misunderstood or even
reversed. Many people, countries, and events in the fictionalized history
have little to do with the original tradition today.
621.
Regarding the parallels, we pointed out that the Jesus story is a
variant of the story of Julius Caesar – or vice versa. – Anyone who
sees Caesar only as a general and politician fails to understand his dual
nature. – Francesco Carotta explored this in his brilliant book,
Was Jesus Caesar? depicted from 1999.
622.
Here, let us mention just one example of how closely the story of Julius
Caesar resembles the Gospel narrative: Caesar famously reported his
victory over the Asia Minor king Pharnaces at Zela with the words Veni,
vidi, vici = I came, I saw, I conquered. The Evangelist twisted this
account and turned it into the miracle of Jesus healing a blind man. Thus,
John's Gospel, freely translated, reads: He came, washed him, and (the
blind man) received his sight (John 9)!
623.
Octavian Augustus was Caesar's successor as savior - according to the
story, his adopted son: The ruler was born into humble circumstances,
in a stable or barn in the populous quarter, "by the ox heads" (ad
Capita Bubula), near the Palatine Hill in Rome. At the end of the
manger, by the oxen, lay the newborn Christ Child. – His mother, Atia
(Maria), had been defiled by a snake (!) shortly before. Theologians
derived the "Immaculate Conception" from this.
624. The
Savior Octavian Augustus also had a deputy, namely Marcus Vipsanius
Agrippa. His full name can be interpreted as "Caesar, Pope, and
King of Vesuvius." – It is no coincidence that the inscription above
the entrance to the Pantheon mentions the name Agrippa.
625.
The legends of the Savior have variations. Several stories must be
considered. And contradictions are always present. – According to another
account, Octavian was born in Velletri, southeast of Rome. But Velletri,
the ancient Velitrae, sounds similar to Bethlehem, Hebrew
for "the house of repose."
626. The
name Lothair is also derived from Velletri, the birthplace of
Octavian Augustus: VELITRAM = VLTRM = (V)LTRM = LOTHARUM. – That name
could be read backwards: LTRM > MRTL = Martell. – We come to the
rulers Charles Martel, Lothair I, and Lothair III, and to
the region of Lorraine.
627.
The Savior was born in Gaul. In the Gospel of Luke, it says that a
Quirinus was governor in Syria at that time. But Quirinus reveals
Divinus, and Syria refers to Gaul. – God was
French. Why is there the saying “to live like God in France”?
628.
The story of Spartacus is set in late Republic Rome. It tells of a
group of gladiators who instigated a slave revolt against the Romans in
Capua, Campania. Spartacus's followers were initially victorious, but were
subsequently defeated, and the survivors were executed. Incidentally, has
anyone addressed the absurdity of the fact that 6,000 (!) slaves were
crucified along the Appian Way between Rome and Naples? Yet, I just read
in a Roman history book that Octavian Augustus also had 6,000 slaves
crucified after his victory over Pompey.
629.
Communism appropriated the Spartacus legend and stylized it as an ancient
example of a workers' and proletarian uprising. However, the
crucifixion of the slaves proves that we are dealing with a Christian
legend: Spartacus is a pre-Christian savior. The name of this slave
leader is derived from Sparta. That Greek city translates as Holy
Father, or Pope.
630.
The divisions of historical periods also point to a religious origin:
The divine Trinity of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit is reflected in the
division of fictional history into Antiquity, Middle Ages, and Modern
Times. Even archaeology follows this scheme with its supposed periods
of the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age.
631.
The old story from before the end of the 18th century is fictional.
But in these fictional stories, a few real events sometimes shine through.
For example, the story of King Solomon and his wealth should be seen
against the backdrop of the discovery and colonization of the New World.
This is evidenced by the allusions to the Spanish silver inflation in the
Bible. King Solomon insisted on receiving his tribute in gold because
silver was practically worthless (1 Kings 10:21).
632. The
stories of the Old and New Testaments were written when firearms were
becoming available:
The trumpets of Jericho, which brought down the city walls, refer to
cannons. This alludes to the story of the Ottoman
conquest of Constantinople, where artillery was first used. I estimate
this significant historical event to have occurred in the late 1750s.
633.
Behind the fictional history of the Crusades, the conquests of
Western nations - the Franks, Italians, Catalans, and Aragonese - against
the Levant, against the Turks and Arabs, seem to be reflected. These
military expeditions can be placed sometime from the second third of the
18th century onward. A reflection of the Crusades can be found in the
aforementioned invasion of Egypt by the Sea Peoples.
634. A
crusade already existed in antiquity: There we find the expedition of
the Argonauts under their leader Jason = Jesus. But that legend by no
means belongs to antiquity, but rather to the Middle Ages: Behind the
Argonauts = Aragon + nautae = seafarers are hidden the seafaring
Aragonese of northern Spain.
635.
The Punic Wars of the ancient Romans reflect the threat posed to the
western Mediterranean countries by the North African Saracens in the 18th
and early 19th centuries. Even today, the ruins of ancient
watchtowers -
often called Genoese towers
-
can be seen all along the coasts
of the northern Mediterranean, in Spain, southern France, Italy, Corsica,
and Sardinia. These towers served to warn the inhabitants of the North
African pirates.
636. Over
twenty years ago, I discovered the unified and comprehensive ancient
naming system of Europe. It emerged that the ancient religion centered
on Mount Vesuvius. Therefore, as already mentioned, the Holy Land is
to be found there.
637. Who
today still knows that bishop, French évêque, Italian
vescovo, simply means "Vesuvius priest"? Established science
and the Church refuse to acknowledge any ancient name creation or a
Vesuvius religion. - People prefer to concern themselves with trivialities
rather than with the true origins.
638.
Mount Vesuvius is the anchor point between history and prehistory. The
eruption of Vesuvius, which destroyed Pompeii near Naples, has a religious
and historical significance that is greater than the event itself. The
Vesuvius event marked a turning point from ancient European religion and
culture to the modern era.
639. Both
Fomenko and I have extensively studied the city at the foot of the
Campanian volcano and have concluded that Pompeii was an early
Christian pilgrimage site that offered every amenity for pilgrims. This
included brothels. Thus, the place was also a den of iniquity. -
Pompeii's destruction by an eruption of Vesuvius was therefore considered
in Europe to be just punishment for turning away from God. Sodom and
Gomorrah, Avignon, Babylon, and Nineveh are different names for the same
place.
640.
The history of medicine confirms the sinful Pompeii: Latin syphilis
(S.PLM > S.NPLM) means "holy Naples". – The French have known the disease
since the beginning of their language as "mal de Naples". – And the
German word for syphilis, namely Lues = (V)LSM = Volusium, means
Vesuvius.
641. The
Vesuvius event can be seen in the early days of printing. – There is
already a printed broadsheet in German from 1632: "Die FeuEyferige
Zorn Ruthe Gottes auff dem brennenden Berg Vesuvio in Campania" (The Fiery
Wrath of God on the Burning Mount Vesuvius in Campania). – The moralizing
message is already present in the title. – The major religions of the
following period emphasized morality and condemned sin.
642.
Equally important is a work published in 1632 by the Neapolitan Jesuit
Giambattista Mascolo, "De incendio Vesuvii 1631" (On the Incension
of Vesuvius 1631). In it, the author describes an eruption of "December
16, 1631." – The date is incorrect, but the two illustrations, with
bird's-eye views of the area around Vesuvius before and after the volcanic
eruption, depict the true event that destroyed Pompeii. – The German
and Latin broadsheets are identical.
643.
Conventional historians are spewing venom and fire at the German pamphlet
and the Italian's work on the Vesuvius eruption of "1631." The reason is
clear: they are determined to cling to the nonsensical date of
Pompeii's destruction in a fantastical year, "79 AD" - that is, around
2000 years ago.
644. The
Vesuvius event has been imitated. It is said that a city called Vineta
existed in the Baltic Sea, off the island of Usedom. This city was
supposedly swallowed by the sea because of the arrogance and extravagance
of its citizens. Even today, the bells of that vanished place can
sometimes be heard ringing in the sea.
645. There
was also an Alpine Pompeii: In 1618 – before the start of the Thirty
Years' War – the wealthy but sinful town of Plurs in what was then
Graubünden, now in Italy, was supposedly buried by a landslide. Only the
church tower, shifted several hundred paces, remained standing. – Similar
to Vineta, the bells of that vanished town could later have been
recovered. – A campanile exists in the Piuro-Plurs area, but the submerged
town itself has not been found.
646.
Besides Vesuvius, Mount Etna in Sicily should be mentioned. It,
too, played a prominent role in the phantom story. – And by the way:
AETNAM (S)TNM) means Satan!
647. At
the same time as Pompeii, Paestum, with its three Doric temples,
was discovered south of Salerno – supposedly in a primeval forest (!). –
Admirers of classical antiquity, such as Goethe and later the English poet
Samuel Rogers, therefore visited this "Greek" site in addition to Pompeii.
648. The
true story emerged in the 19th century. But historical scholarship has
never broken free from the initial literary invention of history. It
created smoothed-over, superficially plausible accounts of a fictional
past. Contradictions, absurdities, and gaps in the original narrative were
ignored or downplayed.
649. Great
historians of the 19th century - Leopold von Ranke, Jules Michelet, and
Theodor Mommsen being just a few examples - processed both true and false
history. Today's historians do the same. And pseudo-historical documents
were produced well into the 1850s. We have already pointed this out.
650. I
will focus on Leopold von Ranke: The Prussian historian became
famous for his statement that history should depict "how it actually
was." He took this demand literally: The history of modern states, the
rise of Prussia, Frederick the Great, and the Seven Years' War are not
necessarily Ranke's creations; but he shaped them into their present form.
651. There
are exceptions to historical hybris. The French historian Hippolyte
Taine wrote in 1858: "In my opinion, history began fifty years ago" (À
mon avis l’histoire est née depuis cinquante ans). Did that historian have
any inkling of a hiatus in history?
652.
Today's scholarly presentation of history is still based on the literary
historiography of the early days, embellished with the fictional documents
of the Great Action. – But the invention of history was a creatio ex
nihilo, a creation out of nothing. From this, a vast body of
writing arose within just a few generations.
653. When
I delve into individual passages of ancient history, I often wonder where
the learned writers and scholars got the vast knowledge they expounded
there. – It certainly isn't found in the oldest books. The answer is
simple: entire pages were made from individual lines, entire books from
individual chapters. – That's why history books about antiquity, the
Middle Ages, and the modern era are so extensive.
654. One
is inclined to reject all ancient writing: If the emperor has no
clothes, he can't wear rags either. The monumental historical
picture presented to us resembles a scarecrow in tattered clothes.
655.
The academic disciplines concerned with the history of humankind and the
earth have become rigid in dogmatism and orthodoxy, trapped in a hopeless
situation, an aporia. Conventional historians tirelessly seek to
illuminate the image of ancient times. But these epochs remain dark and
confused; clarity cannot be achieved.
656. But
one must not forget: all over the world there are thousands of paid civil
servants -
professors, archaeologists, archivists, librarians, and history
teachers -
who uphold this impossible image of the past. Understandably,
these people have no interest in seeing this change. So, a history that
never existed continues to be preached. It's the same as with appointed
pastors and priests: who willingly gives up a good education and income?
657.
Surely the Renaissance historians knew they were constructing a culture
with unreal elements. They did it anyway. Why? The famous artist
Leonardo da Vinci said it openly: "I serve him who pays me" (Io
servo chi mi paga).
658.
Historical scholarship exists in symbiosis with popular historical
culture. This is ultimately responsible for the fact that the fight
against historical belief is a fight against windmills. The literary
treatment of history began in the early 19th century with historical
novels.
659. In
1820, Sir Walter Scott published the novel "Ivanhoe" in
England, which was incredibly influential and founded the entire
romanticized view of chivalry.
660.
Antiquity was first given serious attention in 1834 with "The Last Days
of Pompeii" by Edward Bulwer-Lytton.
661. The
image of the alleged migration of peoples (Völkerwanderung) was shaped in
1876 by the novel "A Struggle for Rome" (Ein Kampf um Rom) by
Felix Dahn.
662. From
the 20th century, Werner Keller's immensely successful 1955 non-fiction
book, "And the Bible Is Right After All," (Und die Bibel hat
doch Recht) deserves mention. I was initially enthusiastic about this
bestseller as well, before I became familiar with its historical critique.
Today I say: "And the Bible Is Not Right After All."
663.
Clever writers turned archaeological discoveries into real book hits.
The following titles by a German author writing under the pseudonym C.W.
Ceram speak for themselves: "Gods, Graves, and Scholars: A Novel of
Archaeology." "Narrow Gorge and Black Mountain." "Discovery of the Hittite
Empire." - "The First American."
664. In
addition, there are now countless books, pamphlets, films, videos, and
television programs with pseudo-historical themes
-
from Samson and Delilah,
the Maccabees, and Alexander the Great to Attila, Charlemagne, El Cid,
Robin Hood, Richard the Lionheart, Joan of Arc, Cardinal Richelieu, and
the Three Musketeers, all the way to modern-day rulers such as Louis XIV
of France, Henry VIII of England, Catherine the Great of Russia, and
Frederick the Great of Prussia.
665. An
aside: Doesn't anyone notice that only figures in fictional history are
described as "great"?
666.
Certain television journalists have thoroughly researched the old
chronicles. They know of historical natural disasters I've never even
heard of; for example, a once-in-a-millennium flood in "1342," a
drought-stricken summer in "1540," and an icy winter in "1708/09."
667.
The epic film Cleopatra, starring Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor,
symbolically represents the entirety of fictional history: a loud,
colorful, and exaggerated, yet untrue and ultimately tedious historical
painting. The two lead actors would have been better off serving their
whisky from modern glasses instead of antique drinking vessels!
668.
Archaeology, in particular, is constantly coming up with major and even
major sensations. After all, it is under constant pressure to justify
a fantastically inflated picture of prehistoric culture. For example, a
princely tomb was recently discovered in Wallachia, Romania.
Archaeologists promptly claimed they had discovered the tomb of Attila the
Hun there.
669.
Reports of new discoveries come in rapid succession: The villa of Marcus
Tullius Cicero has just been found in the sea near Baiae, west of Naples,
in the Phlegraean Fields – after more than 2,000 years! – And I, too, am
becoming wiser: An article has just claimed that the Anglican Church in
England is 1,400 years old!
670.
The English, too, are proud of their medieval history. Among the
heroes to whom Shakespeare dedicated tragedies is King Richard III, who
fell at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 after exclaiming, "A horse, my
kingdom for a horse!" This phantom ruler experienced a resurrection in
2012 when excavations in the foundations of an old Franciscan monastery
in Leicester led to what was believed to be his remains. Thus, the
legendary Richard of Plantagenet was given a memorial center in that city.
671.
The Nebra Bronze Disc in Central Germany, the Celtic Prince of
Glauberg in Hesse, and the Iron Hand from Lake Biel in
Switzerland are just a few of the latest, sensationally publicized
archaeological finds in Europe—always, of course, with dates appended.
672.
Let's not forget the cave paintings in northern Spain and southern France.
At the end of the 19th century, the painted cave of Altamira near
Santander in Spain was discovered, followed by the Lascaux Cave in
the Dordogne in 1940 and the Chauvet Cave in the Var region in 1994
- the latter two in France. Caves apparently fascinate because people
believe they are closer to the origins of our existence.
673. When
one looks at the cave paintings of Lascaux and Chauvet, one inevitably
thinks of early 20th-century painting, of Franz Marc and the
artists of the Blue Rider group. Marc Chagall also comes to mind.
Above all, these rock paintings are said to be incredibly old: initially
estimated at 10,000 years, the current estimate is 35,000 years. The
painted caves have one thing in common: they are no longer open to the
public. This stifles criticism of these modern artistic creations.
674.
The precise dates given by historians and archaeologists, along with the
sensational presentation, create a false impression of knowledge and
suppress doubt. Even the ineptest scholar can score points by simply
spouting a few dates from ancient times. Sometimes, the historical
nonsense is already evident in the titles of scholarly works. During my
studies, I once came across a German dissertation entitled "Wages and
Prices in 12th-Century Paris."
675. It is
difficult to fight against the constant pseudohistorical propaganda.
Therefore, a fundamental observation: There is no connection between an
archaeological find, a work of art, a building, and a specific era, much
less a date or a historical event. And again: The darkness of
historical obscurity cannot be dispelled.
676.
Roman columns and temple-like buildings can be found all over the world
today. Who would want to assign them to a "Roman Empire" and an
ancient time? Decades ago, there was a book about the modern-day Greek
state: "Greece Without Columns." Indeed, that country would be
better off without columns!
677. Near
Regensburg stands the Walhalla, a false temple in the Doric style.
If one did not know that King Ludwig I of Bavaria had this monumental
building erected, one would probably consider it to be "classical
antiquity".
678. We
need a radical critique of history and chronology, science and culture.
Anything else is treading water. One must treat history as one does
everything else encountered in everyday life: a sound mind and a critical
mindset protect against the unreflective acceptance of pseudo truths and
help to see through lies.
679.
Ancient history can remain; our present-day culture is founded upon it.
We do not reject the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm or Gustav Schwab's
"The Most Beautiful Legends of Classical Antiquity" simply because their
content is fictional.
680. The
only things that are problematic are the historical calendar of
festivals and the religious glorification of pseudohistorical events.
How many alleged battles from a dark age are celebrated annually in
European lands? No one distinguishes between fiction and reality.
681.
There was no Magna Carta Libertatum in England in 1215, no Battle
of Peipus Lake in 1242 between Alexander Nevsky and the Teutonic Knights,
and no Battle of Kosovo in 1389 between Serbs and Ottomans.
682. Both
the Gallic king Vercingetorix and the Germanic chieftain
Arminius (Hermann the Cheruscan), just like Joan of Arc in
France, Skanderbeg in Albania, William Tell in Switzerland,
and Hiawatha in North America, are legendary figures.
683.
The old, fabricated history is a succession of wars, uprisings, terror,
and atrocities. The true history of the 19th, 20th, and now the 21st
centuries is essentially also a succession of wars, terror, oppression,
and other atrocities. Voltaire rightly said: “History is nothing
but a tableau of crimes and misfortunes.”
684. We
can therefore safely disregard the horror that false history presents us
with. We have enough to deal with in terms of the demonstrable human
suffering of the last two hundred years.
685. So,
for example, let's ignore the many mass murders that permeate fabricated
history. The Sicilian Vespers in the late Middle Ages and the
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in Paris in the early modern period
need not concern us further. - And who invented the ancient "Vespers of
Ephesus," during which the aforementioned King Mithridates of Pontus
in western Asia Minor supposedly had 80,000 (!) Romans murdered in a
single day?
686.
The campaigns of annihilation against the Albigensians in southwestern
France during the alleged High Middle Ages should be considered
bloodthirsty historical fantasies. - This also applies to Oriental
history. Among other things, it is recounted that the Mongols conquered
Baghdad in "1258" and erected a pyramid of skulls in the city with the
mass of beheaded victims.
687. I
recently consulted a history book again and learned about a King
Charles VIII of France. He bore the epithet "the Courteous" or "the
Friendly." - But on a campaign to Italy in "1494," Charles not only
conquered Rome and Naples. In Liguria, he captured the city of Rapallo
near Genoa and killed all its inhabitants
-
men,
women, and children. - Such a heinous act is supposed to characterize a
kind and courteous ruler!
688. The
aforementioned massacre by a French king named Charles is, of course, a
fictionalized account of history. But why these atrocities? I investigated
and found the reason. A Frankish ruler named Charles is essentially
modeled on the biblical David. This king of the Old Testament
perpetrated a massacre of the inhabitants of Ravenna (2 Samuel 11). -
Thus, the biographies of several rulers named Charles were embellished
with a bloodbath: Charles Martel slaughtered a huge number of Arabs
at Tours and Poitiers; Charlemagne is known as the butcher of the
Saxons; Charles of Anjou in Sicily initiated the bloody Sicilian
Vespers; and Charles VIII brought dubious honor to his name with
the outrage of Rapallo.
689. We do
not forget the massacre of the Israelites by Moses, which we have
already discussed. The critic of history sees a parallel in that grim
event to the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian: During the so-called
Nika Revolt in Constantinople, he allegedly had 30,000 people
killed in a single day at a horse-racing track. – The massacre was
supposedly carried out by a Gothic (!) general named Mund (= montem
= mountain). – We recall: Moses gave the order to murder his fellow
citizens as he descended from Mount Sinai.
690. Nor
has anyone yet critically examined the pseudo historical witch craze or
witch hunt. Yet it is obvious that this is a baroque fantasy of
violence invented in German-speaking regions, intended to frighten people.
– Not a single woman was burned at the stake! – How could it have come to
this, that such obvious nonsense was accepted without question? – It
should be mentioned in passing: Hexe (= witch) (h/CSM = ha/CASAM)
means house. It was a homegrown legend.
691. As a
young person, I was strangely preoccupied with the cruelties depicted
in Baroque paintings. I'm referring to the "Martyrdom of Saint
Lawrence," the "Martyrdom of Saint Erasmus," the "Martyrdom of Saint
Bartholomew," and the "Martyrdom of Saint Agatha." How terrible what the
Christian heroes of faith had to endure! If only it were true!
692. The
worst, most gruesome images are found in the French Froissart Chronicle.
The miniatures of the Vandal conquest of Rome and the execution of the
English nobleman Hugh le Despenser are simply examples of poor,
medieval-style taste.
693. It's
important to know that at the same time as these gruesome descriptions and
images, the intellectual movement of the Enlightenment swept across
Europe. Apparently, there was a contrast between light and dark at that
time - just like in the paintings.
694. Even
in papal Rome, heresy is said to have raged: In the year "1600 AD," a
scholar named Giordano Bruno was allegedly burned at the stake. His
claims, however, were unbelievable: that the Earth was not the center of
the universe, and that the Catholic dogmas of the Trinity and the
Eucharist were invalid. What was the purpose of such a ludicrous legend,
which was surely fabricated shortly before 1800 or even later?
695. We
must first consider things before accepting them as given.: A kind of
emotional evidence is necessary for contemplating the past: one must sense
what is possible and what is impossible. Above all, what contradicts
common sense and nature must be rejected.
696. In
1850s Germany, a debate arose known as "Charcoal Burners' Belief and
Science" (Köhlerglaube und Wissenschaft). It concerned whether
religion or real matter had the upper hand. - Today I would say: Should
historical theology prevail, or the real, verifiable, and plausible
history?
697. Just
as Hannibal's crossing of the Alps with elephants belongs in the
realm of fairy tales, so too is Alexander's campaign to India and
Central Asia completely unbelievable. - And the resurrection of the
Savior is a matter of faith.
698. One
can only shake one's head at the precise dates given in ancient history. -
For example, what do we gain from being told that the Roman poet Ovid
(Ovidius Naso) was born exactly "on March 20, 43 BC" in Sulmona in
central Italy?
699. Ovid
is said to have died in exile. - A remarkably large number of figures
from fictional history suffered this fate: besides Ovid, also Thucydides,
Demosthenes, Seneca, Epictetus, and later Dante Alighieri. Was the
imposed exile perhaps a ploy to religiously elevate these figures?
700. Who
can say whether there was a solar eclipse on May 28, 585 BC, during
a battle between Lydians and Medes on the Halys River in Anatolia, or
one in Athens on August 3, 431 BC? The historian Thucydides
describes the latter natural event as the trigger for the war between
Athens and Sparta.
701. And
since there's so much talk of the supposedly Greek Thucydides: His
name turns out to be the Latin TESTUDINEM, which means tortoise. –
What's the story behind that? Well, the city walls of ancient Athens
traced the outline of a tortoise. The so-called Long Walls in the
southwest, facing Piraeus, formed the animal's neck and head. – In
addition, Athens minted coins with the image of a tortoise, alongside
those with an owl.
702.
The great wars of antiquity usually had a woman as their cause.
Genesis begins with a quarrel between Adam and Eve. And the Trojan
War, as is well known, has the abduction of Helen as its prelude. –
But Julius Caesar and Mark Antony also quarreled over Cleopatra. –
And the Roman historian Livy tells us how the Romans' rape of the
Sabine women led to a war between Rome and the neighboring Sabines.
703.
Finally, let us mention the first pseudohistorical event, which is said to
have taken place approximately 3300 years ago: A battle between the
King of the Hittites and the Egyptian Pharaoh is said to have occurred "on
May 12, 1274 BC" at a place called Kadesh in Syria. – Fifteen years
later, the adversaries supposedly signed a peace treaty. – A copy of this
document can be admired today at the UN headquarters in New York!
704.
The Battle of Kadesh (castle) is certainly an ecclesiastical
invention. For 666 years later, in the year 44 AD, Peter became the
first Pope in Rome. – And the site of the battle was at the Orontes
River (Rhône). – Moses, as is well known, also fought a battle with
the Pharaoh of Egypt at a red river or red sea.
705. In
the Middle Ages, there was a great deal of time available. So, for
example, historians invented a Hundred Years' War between England and
France. This conflict took place under the auspices of the Savior: The
most important battle was at Crécy (Christ). There, the English
triumphed thanks to their archers. An arrow or spear, as is well known,
also struck Jesus. The whole thing was therefore a religious conflict.
706. The
history of the old Swiss Confederation is a succession of battles. But
why so many bloody conflicts? Well, in the original understanding,
a battle was a religious conflict, not merely a massacre. On a
battlefield, the Christian Eucharist was celebrated with flesh and blood.
707.
Humans create history. Therefore, natural history is also a human
construct. This is especially true of Earth's history: The ice
ages, the millions of years of Earth's development, the formation of
mountains, and so on are nothing more than hypotheses and are, in part,
refutable. - But let us know: Even in geology, the divine trinity reigns
with the epochs of the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.
708.
Conclusion: The history of humankind and the history of nature remain
closed to us. Let us therefore leave ancient history to rest in the books;
let it no longer disturb us!
709. An
old chronicle reports that both the Ostrogothic king Theodoric, called
Dietrich of Bern, and Duke Berchtold of Zähringen, the founder of the city
of Bern, were thrown into the crater of Mount Etna after their deaths.
- There, these phantom figures can no longer harm anyone. - Historical
accounts dealt even more harshly with the last Zähringer, Berchtold V: It
is said that even during his lifetime, the duke's children were poisoned!
710.
Eleven years ago, I wrote a book about "Historical Monuments in
Switzerland." In it, I recognized the monument mania from the
beginning of the 19th to the middle of the 20th century as a part of
societal psychopathology. – And incidentally, the majority of monuments
were erected for figures from fictional history: from Hermann the
Cheruscan to Arnold von Winkelried to the Great Elector in Prussia.
711.
The monuments to the wars and battles of the 20th century represent a
special chapter. – For example, in France, a staggering 30,000 (!) war
memorials were erected after 1918 – throughout the entire country and in
the smallest villages. – The situation was similar in Italy.
712. Here,
it must be countered: Monuments do not replace the necessity of
thinking for oneself. Because this didn't happen, twenty years after
the end of the First World War and the subsequent monument mania, a new
world war broke out.
713. I
just read that there are 26 equestrian statues of the legendary Joan of
Arc in France. Why this bizarre historical idol cult in our society?
It's reminiscent of the former Soviet Union: there were tens of thousands
of Lenin statues and busts there.
714. You
hear the saying everywhere: History teaches us that we learn nothing
from it. – I agree, but grudgingly.
715. The
remark attributed to the automobile magnate Henry Ford is:
History is bunk. – Right, too much of anything is unhealthy!
716. The
French writer Joris-Karl Huysmans expressed his reservations about
history in his 1891 novel Là-bas in an elegant but equally sharp
manner: History is the most solemn of all lies and the most childish of
all deceptions. – That's an exaggeration, but there's some truth to
it.
717. In
1874, Friedrich Nietzsche wrote a pertinent essay, "On the Use
and Abuse of History for Life." This means: Historicism should be
rejected. We should refrain from wanting to know too much about the
past.
718. The
historian observes that the general public forgets significant events
after only a few decades. Who still remembers anything about the Spanish
Civil War between 1936 and 1939? And who remembers the Korean War in the
early 1950s or the invasion of Iraq in 2003? Forgetting is greater than
knowing.
719. We
come to that insight attributed to the aforementioned “ancient”
philosopher Socrates: I know (only) that I know nothing. One
could also say: It is better to know nothing than to concern oneself
with historical trifles.
720.
Finally, we must admit: Ignoramus et ignorabimus = We do not
know and will never know.
721. And
what about the beginnings of humankind, the history of the Earth, and the
origin of the universe? Here, one can answer with the philosopher
Ludwig Wittgenstein from the mid-20th century: Whereof one cannot
speak, thereof one must be silent.
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